Our skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. These bones work together to provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so we can walk around, and protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain. Our bones even make and store blood cells for our circulatory system. Without our bones we would be only a pile of skin, organs, and muscles on the floor. Kind of like a jellyfish. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe.
Our bones are made up of many layers. These layers each have a different purpose and are important and dense. The next layer of bone is called cancellous bone (a.k. a. spongy bone). This layer allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of bone where red blood cells and white blood cells are formed. Finally our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called periosteum which is where our muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight.
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn’t be able to move without joints. Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our body, but we’ll just focus on four of them. The first type of joint is called a...
hinge joint. Just like the hinges on a door, they allow movement back and forth. We have hinge joints in our hands and knees and we even have them in our knuckles. Another type of joint is the ball and socket joint. This is where one bone has a ball at the end and the other has a ‘’baseball mitt” for the ball to sit in. Our shoulders and hips are examples of ball and socket joints. The third type of joint that we studied was a gliding joint. Gliding joints are places where two or more bones meet and slide past each other. The last type of joint is called the pivot joint. A pivot joint works when one bone acts like a ring and the other bone sits inside the ring and rotates. Our neck is an example of a pivot joint because it can rotate around and move up and down. At each joint a soft, squishy material can be found between the bones to keep them from rubbing up against each other which would be painful. This material is called cartilage. Cartilage, which is bendable, can also be found in the nose and the ears. But all of this wouldn’t be possible if it weren’t for ligaments holding all of bones together at each joint. Ligaments are long, stretchy tissue that connect bones to other bones and stabilize joints. Without these ligaments in place, bones wouldn’t stay attached to each other and wouldn’t allow joints to move. It’s interesting to note that people who are double jointed actually just have extremely stretchy ligaments. Joints definitely make movement possible and without them we’d have a hard time getting around our world.
Bones definitely are an important part of the human body. They allow us to move, provide us with structure and support, protect our internal organs and even make blood cells. Because bones are designed so well, they are strong yet lightweight. Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move throughout our world. Finally, the muscles in our body attach to bones, giving us the power to actually move around.
Muscular System:
Introduction
The muscular system helps the human body move around and have fun. Let’s say you want to move around, eat a sandwich, or run, you use muscles. There are many different types of muscles and they all serve different purposes (e.g. movement, pumping blood and dilating pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us, while others are controlled by the muscles cell or the brain.
There are two types of categories of muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body's movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to allow us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to create movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move. Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable to move the bones that they are supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscles there are two types of involuntary muscles.
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles are the muscles that perform tasks automatically without our knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscles. They are cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically, by themselves. Cardiac muscles are the muscles found only in our heart that are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about and they contract and relax throughout our entire lives. Smooth muscles are found inside many of our organs (e.g. esophagus, the stomach, the intestines, and the bladder) and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your eyes as well as in your blood vessels. Smooth muscle cells look like one big cell but they are actually a bunch of smaller, smooth cells are grouped together (unlike the striated skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles in our body that do things we had no idea about. Including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular system is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half of our body tone and shape. In the next essay learn how some of these muscles move blood throughout our body in order to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
Although the muscular system and the skeletal system are very important They wouldn’t be able to work unless they got the nutrients and other materials they get from blood. Blood is composed of many materials such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The circulatory system is a very important system in our body and enables our body parts to get what they need by delivering blood and the stuff inside blood. In order for this blood to get places it needs blood vessels to carry it to wherever it is needed in the body. These blood vessels branch into smaller blood vessels as they get farther away from the heart. Although the blood vessels carry the blood, the heart receives blood and pumps it out full of oxygen and gets the blood moving. The heart has four chambers and they work together to deliver blood throughout the body.
Blood is made up of many materials. Each of these materials have a specific function and the system needs all of these. The first of the materials is white blood cells. White blood cells, also called leukocytes are the most important part of the body defense against harmful substances. In order for white blood cells to remove a harmful material from the body they must receive a signal from the brain that there is something bad and then they go attack it and digest it. There are also red blood cells in the blood. Red blood cells also called erythrocytes have a very important job. Their purpose is to carry oxygen throughout the body. To get that oxygen to the places that need it, it gets pumped from the heart to the lungs and picks up oxygen from the air we breathe in, and then distributes it to the rest of the body. The third material stored in blood is called platelets. When you get a cut and start bleeding the platelets stick together to form a net and catch the blood from overflowing. This is called clotting. It forms a scab over the healing skin so that it can heal. People who don’t have platelets have a condition called Hemophilia. This means that they won’t stop bleeding if they get a cut. The fourth and final material that we will talk about is plasma. Plasma is mostly water, but it also carries important nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body. Nutrients are chemicals that your body gets from the food you eat and the body needs these to grow and do other extremely important tasks. Hormones are the things that tell our body to do different things like grow. There is also protein stored in plasma that is essential because it helps our platelets clot the blood among many other jobs. This is all very important but all of these materials can’t get anywhere without blood vessels to carry the stuff where they need to go.
After the heart pumps the blood the blood needs to go where the body needs it. The blood gets there by going through veins and arteries which carry the blood where it needs to go. Arteries are strong, flexible, and resilient. They carry blood away from the heart. Arteries need to be strong because they bear the highest blood pressure. As Arteries get farther away from the heart they branch into smaller blood vessels called arterioles. Arteries and arterioles have muscular walls that can increase and decrease the amount of blood going to a body part by expanding their diameter. Also a part of blood vessels is veins. Veins carry blood back to the heart. They don’t have to be as strong as arteries because they bear much lower blood pressure. Veins can also expand depending on how much blood is going back to the heart. Some veins especially ones in the leg have valves in them to prevent the blood from flowing backward because that would be really bad. Capillaries are also stored in blood vessels. Capillaries act as a bridge between arteries (which carry blood away from the heart) and veins (which carry blood back to the heart) The thin walls of capillaries allow nutrients and oxygen to pass from the blood to the tissue. This is why blood vessels are important but the blood vessels wouldn’t be able to move the blood without the heart.
The heart is arguably the most important muscles in our body. It pumps blood throughout our body. If it stops, we stop. The heart has four chambers. They are enclosed in thick muscular walls. The chambers are the left ventricle, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the right atrium. The main purpose of the left atrium is to hold blood until it pumps it to other parts of the heart. The walls are slightly thicker than that of the right atrium. The second chamber of the heart is the left ventricle. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium. Then it pumps the blood to the aorta where it gives blood with oxygen to the rest of the body. The left ventricle is the largest and most muscular chamber of the heart. The third chamber of the heart is the right atrium. The right atrium is the first thing in the heart that receives blood coming back from the body. It also controls our heart rate. If we do strenuous activity such as exercising or hearing or seeing something scary your heart rate increases. If you relax then the heart rate slows down. First blood goes to the left atrium. Then it goes to the left ventricle where it proceeds to the aorta. When blood returns from the body it first goes to the right atrium and then it goes to the right ventricle. Then it repeats this process.
The circulatory system is very important. It helps our body’s muscles get what they need because it pumps blood throughout the body. The circulatory system has many parts and is essential to survival. It helps our body do it’s job, whatever that may be, effectively and efficiently by giving crucial nutrients to the body’s parts. In the next system learn how the circulatory system is able to get oxygen by breathing.
Respiratory System:
The respiratory system has many purposes. In the last section you learned about how the blood delivers the oxygen to the body but you might be wondering how the oxygen gets to the blood. When we breathe in and breathe out air comes into our lungs where it is transferred into the blood. Inhaling is a delicate process that involves many steps. The transfer of oxygen from the air to the blood is called exchange of gases. It happens between the alveoli and the capillaries and takes place inside the lungs.
Air can enter the body in two specific ways. The first of these is the nose. The second is the mouth. Both the nose and the mouth lead to the nasal passage. It is actually slightly better to take in air through your nose. There are tiny hairs inside your nose called cilia. These hairs in the nose catch dust, mold, pollen and other environmental contaminants so the lungs don’t get damaged by contaminated air. Next, decontaminated air goes toward the lungs. The purpose of the nasal cavity is to warm, moisturize, and filter air before it reaches the lungs. In order to get to the lungs it must first go through many organs and muscles. The first of these is the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a leaf shaped structure that is thin and it projects down into the throat. It is positioned right behind the tongue. The epiglottis prevents food from spilling into the lungs by closing whenever you swallow. Air goes through the epiglottis and continues through the larynx. The larynx is tough and flexible. It is a two inch long cylindrical organ in your throat. It is sometimes called the voice box because it controls the voice. Everyone has two vocal cords inside the larynx. They vibrate in order to create speech. Vocal cords are pretty much bands of muscle. It is how fast the cords are vibrating that determines what the pitch is of the voice. In kids and women the vocal cord are thinner and that’s why they normally have a higher voice. Next the air goes through the trachea, or windpipe. This is the fifth and final section the air goes through. Then at the end of the journey the air enters the lungs which give it to the blood.
The trachea begins at the end of the larynx and moves the air from the larynx to the two largest bronchi of the lungs. The lungs are the hardest working organs in our body. Then can contract up to once every three seconds or twenty times a minute, more if you’re exercising. The main purpose is to supply oxygen for the blood so it can, in turn, deliver oxygen to the rest of the body. Another purpose is to get rid of the carbon dioxide in the body. Some people think that the diaphragm is the second most important muscle in our body after the heart. The diaphragm is a thin dome shaped muscle that separates the heart and the lungs from the stomach and intestines. The chief muscle and breathing, the diaphragm it expands the volume of the chest cavity. The bronchial tube is the final passageway that the air will go through before it gets to the lungs. The bronchial tube is sometimes referred to as the bronchi, or airways. The bronchial tube then splits into smaller bronchi called primary bronchi(plural) or bronchus(singular). These primary bronchi are located in the respiratory tract and direct air into the lungs. There is a left bronchi and a right bronchi. The bronchi then split into smaller bronchi called secondary bronchi, or tertiary bronchi. the air has still not exited into the lungs, still inside the branches of the bronchi. These bronchioles multiply into into many, many cup shaped alveoli. The alveoli delivers the air into the the lungs where the oxygen is finally transferred into the blood and is delivered all over the body. That is called exchange of gases. exchange of gases also includes the removal of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. Exchange of gases occurs between the alveoli and capillaries. After the exchange of gases the oxygen is given to all the things that need it. To exhale the carbon dioxide that was switched with oxygen does this whole process in reverse. And then our body does it again!
The process of giving oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide is extremely important. By giving oxygen to the blood the rest of the body the body can get what they need and function. A lot happens in seconds to do this over and over again. This process even includes the hardest working organ, the lungs. The respiratory system is a very important system and is essential to survival.
Digestive System:
The digestive system is very important. Our body needs nutrients and the digestive system delivers those nutrients to the body. The digestive system starts in the mouth and goes through the rest of the body. To get to the stomach it goes through the esophagus. Then it goes through the intestines and other organs which help break the food down. After the food is all broken down then the body takes the nutrients from it and gives it to the bloodstream. The bloodstream gives that to the rest of the body and then the waste leaves the body. The digestive system is very important because it delivers nutrients to the body to enable it to function.
The digestion process has many steps. The first part of digestion happens before you even chew the food. The smell of food causes your mouth to water in anticipation. When you put the food in your mouth the saliva being made increases. You use your teeth to break the food down into bits which helps digestion. Each jaw has four incisors, two canines, and four molars. The molars, in the back of your mouth, grind food whereas, the canines and incisors tear the food. Using your teeth to break up the food is called mechanical digestion. Chemical digestion begins in the back of the mouth when the saliva and the food meet. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, also called ptyalin, which breaks down the starch into sugars such as maltose and dextrin and it will be even further broken down when it reaches the small intestines. Saliva also helps lubricate the food so it will go down easier and it gets rid of some unwanted bacteria. Only about 30% of the chemical digestion takes place in the mouth cavity though. The tongue, a muscular organ attached to the bottom of your mouth, helps to move the food down the esophagus to start its journey to the stomach. The chewed up food is then formed into ball called a bolus. The term bolus applies to this ball of chewed up food until it reaches the stomach. Next the bolus goes to the stomach through the esophagus.
The esophagus enables the food to get to the stomach and without it the food would just pile up in the back of our mouth cavity. The food doesn’t just fall down the esophagus by itself, a complex process called peristalsis actually moves the bolus. The smooth muscles on the walls of the esophagus move the food down by contracting slightly above the bolus and forcing it down the digestive tract and eventually to the stomach. This is not gravity so you can still digest food while hanging upside-down! Also retro-peristalsis is the reverse of peristalsis which is throwing up. It is when, instead of pushing the food down it pushes the food back up and out your mouth. The body does this when the body thinks that it has a poison inside of the stomach and wants to get rid of that poison so it gets rid of it. The valve that connects the stomach and the esophagus opens so the body can get rid of the poison or the fake poison. The valve that connects the stomach and the esophagus is called the pyloric sphincter. After the esophagus comes the stomach which is one of the most important organs in the body.
The stomach is very important. It’s main purpose is to produce acid to further break down the bolus received from the esophagus. The stomach muscles also contract every now and then to mash the food further. The digestive juices squirted at the bolus by the stomach help to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Chyme is a semi-fluid substance formed in the stomach. It is the food when it is ready to leave the stomach.
The next stop for the food, now called chyme, is the small intestines. The main purpose of the small intestine is to break down food even further. The foods that you eat have protein, fats, and other nutrients inside and with the help of the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder. Most of the nutrients are absorbed in the first third of the small intestine. The small intestine doesn’t do it all though. To do this task it needs the help of the villi, small 0.5 to 1 mm hairs located on the walls of the small intestines. These villi absorb the nutrients in the food and they keep the food the body doesn’t want going so they only get the good stuff. The small intestine absorbs 90% of the nutrients that the body gets from the food we eat. The next stop is the pancreas which plays an important role by regulating blood sugar levels.
The pancreas plays a very important role in digestion. The main purpose of the Pancreas is to regulate blood sugar levels so we don’t have to much bad stuff in the blood. It is located behind the stomach, is connected to the duodenum and it is about six inches long. It produces pancreatic enzymes which go through the small intestines, and it helps to neutralize the stomach acid.
The gallbladder’s main purpose is to store bile. It is not essential and you can have it removed. The liver is protected by the ribcage and is a large meaty organ. The liver’s main purpose is to take toxins out of the blood so they don’t contaminate the rest of the body. Bile, the alkaline fluid that the gallbladder holds, contains cholesterol, and is stored in the gallbladder until the body needs it to digest some fats. The large intestine also plays an important role in digestion by absorbing water.
The large intestine’s main purpose is to absorb water into the bloodstream. By the time the food, which is no longer food, enters the large intestines 80% of the water has been absorbed and it absorbs the remaining 20% and passes the waste to the anus.
This is very important because we need the anus to get rid of the waste and it wouldn’t be able to without the large intestine. But perhaps the most important step is next; the anus.
The food has already passed through many organs and is at the end of its journey through the body. The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract and gets rid of the waste from the body. The anus is connected to the descending colon (end of large intestines) It is also connected to the anal sphincter. It stays closed until a person has a bowel movement. When the food comes out it is no longer food and has made its way through many organs and is now called poop. Then the food leaves the body after completing its journey.
The digestive system is very important. It helps the nutrients in the food to get to the body. The food started in the mouth. It was chewed up started up the digestion process using chemical and mechanical digestion. It is then called a bolus. Then it went through the esophagus. Then it went to the stomach. The stomach further broke down the food by squirting digestive juices at it. The food kept on getting broken down until the body had taken all the stuff needed from it. These nutrients and other transferred to the blood stream to be delivered to other parts of the body. This is very important because it enables our body to get the stuff that it needs. Overall the digestive system is very important and we would not be able to survive without it.
Nervous System:
The brain is the command center of the body. It is also the head of the nervous system. The most important function of the brain takes place in our medulla oblongata and is how our brain controls our involuntary actions. We have no control over this it it tells our heart to beat and our respiratory system to inhale and exhale. The brain also does stuff that we control such as firing a nerf gun and typing on the computer. It is probably the most important thing in our body because without it even the heart wouldn’t work. Also the information that the brain sends is carried through nerve cells as electrical impulses. The sense receive most of the information that we have and give that to the brain as well.
The brain is one of the most important organs in the human body. It tells all of our other organs and muscles what to do and is the main control center of the body. The brain has three parts. The forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. Among the brain’s many parts is the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the medulla. The cerebrum, sometimes called the cortex is the largest part of the brain. The cerebrum is made up of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. It accounts for ⅔ of the brain’s weight. It is also divided into two hemispheres. The left hemisphere controls language and speech and is usually dominant. The right hemisphere controls visual and spatial information. If the left hemisphere of your cerebrum is dominant than you are right handed and vice versa. The cerebellum is also similar to the cerebrum, having two hemispheres. It controls coordination of movement, posture, and balance. Located behind the cerebrum and above the medulla oblongata. Most people agree that the medulla oblongata is the most important part of the brain. It controls involuntary movement (things that we don’t think about). We would not be able to survive without the medulla because it tells our involuntary muscles what to do and they in turn regulate our blood sugar levels and tell our body to breathe. They also do other things such as vomiting and controlling the circulatory system. The brain is very important and it controls everything that we do. The brain needs the nerves though to tell the other body parts what to do. Without the nerves the brain would just be shouting commands and nothing would know that it was telling it to do something and you would be paralyzed.
Nerves are the cell phone of the brain. It “calls” the other parts of the body and tells them to do a specific command. If your nerves were gone then you wouldn’t be able to move. There are many different types of nerves including sensory nerves and motor nerves. Sensory nerves are neurons that transmit sight, sound, feeling, taste, and smell. They are activated when you use your senses and then they give information to the brain. Then, if your body needs to react it does. Motor nerves carry information away from the brain toward muscles and glands. Muscles and glands are called effectors because they put into effect the brain’s commands. When I am typing my sensory nerves tell my brain where the keys are, the brain receives this information and decides what to type, and then it tells the hands to press down on the “h” key. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerve fiber and is the main pathway for information going to and from the brain. Since the spinal cord carries most of the information is needs to be protected. It is protected by the spinal column and the vertebrae attached to the spinal column. If your spinal cord is broken you are normally paralyzed. A neuron though, is the actual “house” for the information. Inside the neuron is where the commands or other thing are kept. Also inside a neuron are genes which are cytoplasm, mitochondria as well as some other original organelles. A neuron is made up of a synapse, an axon, and a dendrite. A synapse is the thing that connects nerves to one another. Some people think that a synapse should describe all connections between nerve cells. Although there is no specific thing that clarifies which one it is, most people agree that it is only for connections between nerve cells. Axons are also a part of these nerves cells. Axons are located at the end of a nerve cell and they transmit the information to the next nerve cell in line. The other end of the cell is a dendrite. A dendrite receives information and passes it on to the axon which passes it on to the next dendrite and so on until it reaches the part of the part of the body that it is supposed to go to.
Some people argue that our senses are our most important function. They are the receptors of a vast majority of our information that goes to the brain. The five senses are sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. Each is important but you can survive without them. The first, sight, tells your brain colors and locations. Sight starts in your eyes and then goes to the brain. After it tells your brain these things it remembers but it never remembers every little detail. To get these little details you need to look again and after you look your brain will remember that detail but it might forget it. It is maybe the most important sense as it tells our brain details that we need to know like what an set of instructions says and which algorithms to use to solve the Rubik’s Cube. The second sense, hearing is also very important. Hearing is the thing that allows us to communicate. Many people agree that communication is one of the most important things that humans have learned to do. Living without hearing is very hard because it takes out a lot of stuff that you want/need like music and communication. The third sense, touch, is also important. It helps us not to get injured and is very good. If you don’t have touch you will be burning or getting stung by bees and you won’t mind or know. Although some people might think this is cool, never getting hurt, it is actually very dangerous. The fourth sense, smell, however is one of the least important senses. Although it tells us when something is burning there are other ways to figure that out. Smell is also the only sense that goes directly to the brain as all the rest of the senses go through the thalamus first. The fifth and final sense, taste, is also not that important. A large part of taste is actually smell which is why some food you know you don’t like before you try them and also why some foods taste weird when you have a stuffy nose. Overall the senses are very important although taste and smell not as much. Overall the nervous system is very important. It lets us do ALL of the stuff that we do. Without survival would be completely and totally impossible. It gives our body commands that are carried through nerve cells and those commands tell everything else in our body what to do. Also the sense receive the information and send it back to the brain through nerve cells and that information allows our brain to make some decisions.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to ensure our well-being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells in our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen with the carbon dioxide. Finally, the digestive system converts food into energy, while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is.
Works Cited
Bones definitely are an important part of the human body. They allow us to move, provide us with structure and support, protect our internal organs and even make blood cells. Because bones are designed so well, they are strong yet lightweight. Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move throughout our world. Finally, the muscles in our body attach to bones, giving us the power to actually move around.
Muscular System:
Introduction
The muscular system helps the human body move around and have fun. Let’s say you want to move around, eat a sandwich, or run, you use muscles. There are many different types of muscles and they all serve different purposes (e.g. movement, pumping blood and dilating pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us, while others are controlled by the muscles cell or the brain.
There are two types of categories of muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body's movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to allow us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to create movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move. Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable to move the bones that they are supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscles there are two types of involuntary muscles.
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles are the muscles that perform tasks automatically without our knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscles. They are cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically, by themselves. Cardiac muscles are the muscles found only in our heart that are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about and they contract and relax throughout our entire lives. Smooth muscles are found inside many of our organs (e.g. esophagus, the stomach, the intestines, and the bladder) and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your eyes as well as in your blood vessels. Smooth muscle cells look like one big cell but they are actually a bunch of smaller, smooth cells are grouped together (unlike the striated skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles in our body that do things we had no idea about. Including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular system is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half of our body tone and shape. In the next essay learn how some of these muscles move blood throughout our body in order to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
Although the muscular system and the skeletal system are very important They wouldn’t be able to work unless they got the nutrients and other materials they get from blood. Blood is composed of many materials such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The circulatory system is a very important system in our body and enables our body parts to get what they need by delivering blood and the stuff inside blood. In order for this blood to get places it needs blood vessels to carry it to wherever it is needed in the body. These blood vessels branch into smaller blood vessels as they get farther away from the heart. Although the blood vessels carry the blood, the heart receives blood and pumps it out full of oxygen and gets the blood moving. The heart has four chambers and they work together to deliver blood throughout the body.
Blood is made up of many materials. Each of these materials have a specific function and the system needs all of these. The first of the materials is white blood cells. White blood cells, also called leukocytes are the most important part of the body defense against harmful substances. In order for white blood cells to remove a harmful material from the body they must receive a signal from the brain that there is something bad and then they go attack it and digest it. There are also red blood cells in the blood. Red blood cells also called erythrocytes have a very important job. Their purpose is to carry oxygen throughout the body. To get that oxygen to the places that need it, it gets pumped from the heart to the lungs and picks up oxygen from the air we breathe in, and then distributes it to the rest of the body. The third material stored in blood is called platelets. When you get a cut and start bleeding the platelets stick together to form a net and catch the blood from overflowing. This is called clotting. It forms a scab over the healing skin so that it can heal. People who don’t have platelets have a condition called Hemophilia. This means that they won’t stop bleeding if they get a cut. The fourth and final material that we will talk about is plasma. Plasma is mostly water, but it also carries important nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body. Nutrients are chemicals that your body gets from the food you eat and the body needs these to grow and do other extremely important tasks. Hormones are the things that tell our body to do different things like grow. There is also protein stored in plasma that is essential because it helps our platelets clot the blood among many other jobs. This is all very important but all of these materials can’t get anywhere without blood vessels to carry the stuff where they need to go.
After the heart pumps the blood the blood needs to go where the body needs it. The blood gets there by going through veins and arteries which carry the blood where it needs to go. Arteries are strong, flexible, and resilient. They carry blood away from the heart. Arteries need to be strong because they bear the highest blood pressure. As Arteries get farther away from the heart they branch into smaller blood vessels called arterioles. Arteries and arterioles have muscular walls that can increase and decrease the amount of blood going to a body part by expanding their diameter. Also a part of blood vessels is veins. Veins carry blood back to the heart. They don’t have to be as strong as arteries because they bear much lower blood pressure. Veins can also expand depending on how much blood is going back to the heart. Some veins especially ones in the leg have valves in them to prevent the blood from flowing backward because that would be really bad. Capillaries are also stored in blood vessels. Capillaries act as a bridge between arteries (which carry blood away from the heart) and veins (which carry blood back to the heart) The thin walls of capillaries allow nutrients and oxygen to pass from the blood to the tissue. This is why blood vessels are important but the blood vessels wouldn’t be able to move the blood without the heart.
The heart is arguably the most important muscles in our body. It pumps blood throughout our body. If it stops, we stop. The heart has four chambers. They are enclosed in thick muscular walls. The chambers are the left ventricle, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the right atrium. The main purpose of the left atrium is to hold blood until it pumps it to other parts of the heart. The walls are slightly thicker than that of the right atrium. The second chamber of the heart is the left ventricle. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium. Then it pumps the blood to the aorta where it gives blood with oxygen to the rest of the body. The left ventricle is the largest and most muscular chamber of the heart. The third chamber of the heart is the right atrium. The right atrium is the first thing in the heart that receives blood coming back from the body. It also controls our heart rate. If we do strenuous activity such as exercising or hearing or seeing something scary your heart rate increases. If you relax then the heart rate slows down. First blood goes to the left atrium. Then it goes to the left ventricle where it proceeds to the aorta. When blood returns from the body it first goes to the right atrium and then it goes to the right ventricle. Then it repeats this process.
The circulatory system is very important. It helps our body’s muscles get what they need because it pumps blood throughout the body. The circulatory system has many parts and is essential to survival. It helps our body do it’s job, whatever that may be, effectively and efficiently by giving crucial nutrients to the body’s parts. In the next system learn how the circulatory system is able to get oxygen by breathing.
Respiratory System:
The respiratory system has many purposes. In the last section you learned about how the blood delivers the oxygen to the body but you might be wondering how the oxygen gets to the blood. When we breathe in and breathe out air comes into our lungs where it is transferred into the blood. Inhaling is a delicate process that involves many steps. The transfer of oxygen from the air to the blood is called exchange of gases. It happens between the alveoli and the capillaries and takes place inside the lungs.
Air can enter the body in two specific ways. The first of these is the nose. The second is the mouth. Both the nose and the mouth lead to the nasal passage. It is actually slightly better to take in air through your nose. There are tiny hairs inside your nose called cilia. These hairs in the nose catch dust, mold, pollen and other environmental contaminants so the lungs don’t get damaged by contaminated air. Next, decontaminated air goes toward the lungs. The purpose of the nasal cavity is to warm, moisturize, and filter air before it reaches the lungs. In order to get to the lungs it must first go through many organs and muscles. The first of these is the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a leaf shaped structure that is thin and it projects down into the throat. It is positioned right behind the tongue. The epiglottis prevents food from spilling into the lungs by closing whenever you swallow. Air goes through the epiglottis and continues through the larynx. The larynx is tough and flexible. It is a two inch long cylindrical organ in your throat. It is sometimes called the voice box because it controls the voice. Everyone has two vocal cords inside the larynx. They vibrate in order to create speech. Vocal cords are pretty much bands of muscle. It is how fast the cords are vibrating that determines what the pitch is of the voice. In kids and women the vocal cord are thinner and that’s why they normally have a higher voice. Next the air goes through the trachea, or windpipe. This is the fifth and final section the air goes through. Then at the end of the journey the air enters the lungs which give it to the blood.
The trachea begins at the end of the larynx and moves the air from the larynx to the two largest bronchi of the lungs. The lungs are the hardest working organs in our body. Then can contract up to once every three seconds or twenty times a minute, more if you’re exercising. The main purpose is to supply oxygen for the blood so it can, in turn, deliver oxygen to the rest of the body. Another purpose is to get rid of the carbon dioxide in the body. Some people think that the diaphragm is the second most important muscle in our body after the heart. The diaphragm is a thin dome shaped muscle that separates the heart and the lungs from the stomach and intestines. The chief muscle and breathing, the diaphragm it expands the volume of the chest cavity. The bronchial tube is the final passageway that the air will go through before it gets to the lungs. The bronchial tube is sometimes referred to as the bronchi, or airways. The bronchial tube then splits into smaller bronchi called primary bronchi(plural) or bronchus(singular). These primary bronchi are located in the respiratory tract and direct air into the lungs. There is a left bronchi and a right bronchi. The bronchi then split into smaller bronchi called secondary bronchi, or tertiary bronchi. the air has still not exited into the lungs, still inside the branches of the bronchi. These bronchioles multiply into into many, many cup shaped alveoli. The alveoli delivers the air into the the lungs where the oxygen is finally transferred into the blood and is delivered all over the body. That is called exchange of gases. exchange of gases also includes the removal of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. Exchange of gases occurs between the alveoli and capillaries. After the exchange of gases the oxygen is given to all the things that need it. To exhale the carbon dioxide that was switched with oxygen does this whole process in reverse. And then our body does it again!
The process of giving oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide is extremely important. By giving oxygen to the blood the rest of the body the body can get what they need and function. A lot happens in seconds to do this over and over again. This process even includes the hardest working organ, the lungs. The respiratory system is a very important system and is essential to survival.
Digestive System:
The digestive system is very important. Our body needs nutrients and the digestive system delivers those nutrients to the body. The digestive system starts in the mouth and goes through the rest of the body. To get to the stomach it goes through the esophagus. Then it goes through the intestines and other organs which help break the food down. After the food is all broken down then the body takes the nutrients from it and gives it to the bloodstream. The bloodstream gives that to the rest of the body and then the waste leaves the body. The digestive system is very important because it delivers nutrients to the body to enable it to function.
The digestion process has many steps. The first part of digestion happens before you even chew the food. The smell of food causes your mouth to water in anticipation. When you put the food in your mouth the saliva being made increases. You use your teeth to break the food down into bits which helps digestion. Each jaw has four incisors, two canines, and four molars. The molars, in the back of your mouth, grind food whereas, the canines and incisors tear the food. Using your teeth to break up the food is called mechanical digestion. Chemical digestion begins in the back of the mouth when the saliva and the food meet. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, also called ptyalin, which breaks down the starch into sugars such as maltose and dextrin and it will be even further broken down when it reaches the small intestines. Saliva also helps lubricate the food so it will go down easier and it gets rid of some unwanted bacteria. Only about 30% of the chemical digestion takes place in the mouth cavity though. The tongue, a muscular organ attached to the bottom of your mouth, helps to move the food down the esophagus to start its journey to the stomach. The chewed up food is then formed into ball called a bolus. The term bolus applies to this ball of chewed up food until it reaches the stomach. Next the bolus goes to the stomach through the esophagus.
The esophagus enables the food to get to the stomach and without it the food would just pile up in the back of our mouth cavity. The food doesn’t just fall down the esophagus by itself, a complex process called peristalsis actually moves the bolus. The smooth muscles on the walls of the esophagus move the food down by contracting slightly above the bolus and forcing it down the digestive tract and eventually to the stomach. This is not gravity so you can still digest food while hanging upside-down! Also retro-peristalsis is the reverse of peristalsis which is throwing up. It is when, instead of pushing the food down it pushes the food back up and out your mouth. The body does this when the body thinks that it has a poison inside of the stomach and wants to get rid of that poison so it gets rid of it. The valve that connects the stomach and the esophagus opens so the body can get rid of the poison or the fake poison. The valve that connects the stomach and the esophagus is called the pyloric sphincter. After the esophagus comes the stomach which is one of the most important organs in the body.
The stomach is very important. It’s main purpose is to produce acid to further break down the bolus received from the esophagus. The stomach muscles also contract every now and then to mash the food further. The digestive juices squirted at the bolus by the stomach help to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Chyme is a semi-fluid substance formed in the stomach. It is the food when it is ready to leave the stomach.
The next stop for the food, now called chyme, is the small intestines. The main purpose of the small intestine is to break down food even further. The foods that you eat have protein, fats, and other nutrients inside and with the help of the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder. Most of the nutrients are absorbed in the first third of the small intestine. The small intestine doesn’t do it all though. To do this task it needs the help of the villi, small 0.5 to 1 mm hairs located on the walls of the small intestines. These villi absorb the nutrients in the food and they keep the food the body doesn’t want going so they only get the good stuff. The small intestine absorbs 90% of the nutrients that the body gets from the food we eat. The next stop is the pancreas which plays an important role by regulating blood sugar levels.
The pancreas plays a very important role in digestion. The main purpose of the Pancreas is to regulate blood sugar levels so we don’t have to much bad stuff in the blood. It is located behind the stomach, is connected to the duodenum and it is about six inches long. It produces pancreatic enzymes which go through the small intestines, and it helps to neutralize the stomach acid.
The gallbladder’s main purpose is to store bile. It is not essential and you can have it removed. The liver is protected by the ribcage and is a large meaty organ. The liver’s main purpose is to take toxins out of the blood so they don’t contaminate the rest of the body. Bile, the alkaline fluid that the gallbladder holds, contains cholesterol, and is stored in the gallbladder until the body needs it to digest some fats. The large intestine also plays an important role in digestion by absorbing water.
The large intestine’s main purpose is to absorb water into the bloodstream. By the time the food, which is no longer food, enters the large intestines 80% of the water has been absorbed and it absorbs the remaining 20% and passes the waste to the anus.
This is very important because we need the anus to get rid of the waste and it wouldn’t be able to without the large intestine. But perhaps the most important step is next; the anus.
The food has already passed through many organs and is at the end of its journey through the body. The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract and gets rid of the waste from the body. The anus is connected to the descending colon (end of large intestines) It is also connected to the anal sphincter. It stays closed until a person has a bowel movement. When the food comes out it is no longer food and has made its way through many organs and is now called poop. Then the food leaves the body after completing its journey.
The digestive system is very important. It helps the nutrients in the food to get to the body. The food started in the mouth. It was chewed up started up the digestion process using chemical and mechanical digestion. It is then called a bolus. Then it went through the esophagus. Then it went to the stomach. The stomach further broke down the food by squirting digestive juices at it. The food kept on getting broken down until the body had taken all the stuff needed from it. These nutrients and other transferred to the blood stream to be delivered to other parts of the body. This is very important because it enables our body to get the stuff that it needs. Overall the digestive system is very important and we would not be able to survive without it.
Nervous System:
The brain is the command center of the body. It is also the head of the nervous system. The most important function of the brain takes place in our medulla oblongata and is how our brain controls our involuntary actions. We have no control over this it it tells our heart to beat and our respiratory system to inhale and exhale. The brain also does stuff that we control such as firing a nerf gun and typing on the computer. It is probably the most important thing in our body because without it even the heart wouldn’t work. Also the information that the brain sends is carried through nerve cells as electrical impulses. The sense receive most of the information that we have and give that to the brain as well.
The brain is one of the most important organs in the human body. It tells all of our other organs and muscles what to do and is the main control center of the body. The brain has three parts. The forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. Among the brain’s many parts is the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the medulla. The cerebrum, sometimes called the cortex is the largest part of the brain. The cerebrum is made up of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. It accounts for ⅔ of the brain’s weight. It is also divided into two hemispheres. The left hemisphere controls language and speech and is usually dominant. The right hemisphere controls visual and spatial information. If the left hemisphere of your cerebrum is dominant than you are right handed and vice versa. The cerebellum is also similar to the cerebrum, having two hemispheres. It controls coordination of movement, posture, and balance. Located behind the cerebrum and above the medulla oblongata. Most people agree that the medulla oblongata is the most important part of the brain. It controls involuntary movement (things that we don’t think about). We would not be able to survive without the medulla because it tells our involuntary muscles what to do and they in turn regulate our blood sugar levels and tell our body to breathe. They also do other things such as vomiting and controlling the circulatory system. The brain is very important and it controls everything that we do. The brain needs the nerves though to tell the other body parts what to do. Without the nerves the brain would just be shouting commands and nothing would know that it was telling it to do something and you would be paralyzed.
Nerves are the cell phone of the brain. It “calls” the other parts of the body and tells them to do a specific command. If your nerves were gone then you wouldn’t be able to move. There are many different types of nerves including sensory nerves and motor nerves. Sensory nerves are neurons that transmit sight, sound, feeling, taste, and smell. They are activated when you use your senses and then they give information to the brain. Then, if your body needs to react it does. Motor nerves carry information away from the brain toward muscles and glands. Muscles and glands are called effectors because they put into effect the brain’s commands. When I am typing my sensory nerves tell my brain where the keys are, the brain receives this information and decides what to type, and then it tells the hands to press down on the “h” key. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerve fiber and is the main pathway for information going to and from the brain. Since the spinal cord carries most of the information is needs to be protected. It is protected by the spinal column and the vertebrae attached to the spinal column. If your spinal cord is broken you are normally paralyzed. A neuron though, is the actual “house” for the information. Inside the neuron is where the commands or other thing are kept. Also inside a neuron are genes which are cytoplasm, mitochondria as well as some other original organelles. A neuron is made up of a synapse, an axon, and a dendrite. A synapse is the thing that connects nerves to one another. Some people think that a synapse should describe all connections between nerve cells. Although there is no specific thing that clarifies which one it is, most people agree that it is only for connections between nerve cells. Axons are also a part of these nerves cells. Axons are located at the end of a nerve cell and they transmit the information to the next nerve cell in line. The other end of the cell is a dendrite. A dendrite receives information and passes it on to the axon which passes it on to the next dendrite and so on until it reaches the part of the part of the body that it is supposed to go to.
Some people argue that our senses are our most important function. They are the receptors of a vast majority of our information that goes to the brain. The five senses are sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. Each is important but you can survive without them. The first, sight, tells your brain colors and locations. Sight starts in your eyes and then goes to the brain. After it tells your brain these things it remembers but it never remembers every little detail. To get these little details you need to look again and after you look your brain will remember that detail but it might forget it. It is maybe the most important sense as it tells our brain details that we need to know like what an set of instructions says and which algorithms to use to solve the Rubik’s Cube. The second sense, hearing is also very important. Hearing is the thing that allows us to communicate. Many people agree that communication is one of the most important things that humans have learned to do. Living without hearing is very hard because it takes out a lot of stuff that you want/need like music and communication. The third sense, touch, is also important. It helps us not to get injured and is very good. If you don’t have touch you will be burning or getting stung by bees and you won’t mind or know. Although some people might think this is cool, never getting hurt, it is actually very dangerous. The fourth sense, smell, however is one of the least important senses. Although it tells us when something is burning there are other ways to figure that out. Smell is also the only sense that goes directly to the brain as all the rest of the senses go through the thalamus first. The fifth and final sense, taste, is also not that important. A large part of taste is actually smell which is why some food you know you don’t like before you try them and also why some foods taste weird when you have a stuffy nose. Overall the senses are very important although taste and smell not as much. Overall the nervous system is very important. It lets us do ALL of the stuff that we do. Without survival would be completely and totally impossible. It gives our body commands that are carried through nerve cells and those commands tell everything else in our body what to do. Also the sense receive the information and send it back to the brain through nerve cells and that information allows our brain to make some decisions.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to ensure our well-being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells in our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen with the carbon dioxide. Finally, the digestive system converts food into energy, while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is.
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