Did you know that our bodies create about a gallon of mucus in just two days! I do. In fact, I know a lot of other interesting information about the human body, and YOU WILL TOO if you read my paper! Within this document, you will find six different body system essays including the muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems, which all work together to operate our body. All of these systems have different components, each with their own unique functions that help to keep us alive. However, each system cannot operate alone - they need each other to be successful. For example, the nutrients gathered by the digestive system get distributed throughout the body in the circulatory system! Over the previous 12 weeks, we gathered information, organized our thoughts, and paraphrased what trusted websites taught us about each system. We worked with responsibility partners and our papers definitely benefited from the collaboration. Just like each human body system needs to rely on the other systems, we relied on each other to improve our writing and our process. The following is the result of our hard work...
Skeletal System
Our skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. These bones work together to provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so we can walk around, and protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our circulatory system! Without our bones, we would be nothing more than a pile of skin, organs, and muscles on the floor. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe.
Our bones are made up of many layers. These layers are important because because we need our bones to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside layer of bone is made up of solid, compact bone that makes our bones strong and dense. The next layer of bone is called cancellous bone (a.k.a. spongy bone). This layer allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally, our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called periosteum which is where our muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight!
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn’t be able to move without joints! Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our bodies, but we’ll just focus on four of them. The first type of joint is called a hinge joint. Just like the hinges on a door, they allow movement back and forth. We have hinge joints at our elbows and knees, and we even have them in our knuckles! Another type of joint is called a ball and socket joint. This is where one bone has a ball at the end of it and the other bone has a “baseball mitt” for the ball to sit in. Our shoulders and hips are examples of ball and socket joints. The type of joint that we studied was called a gliding joint. Gliding joints are places where two or more bones meet and slide past each other. Our wrists and ankles are two examples of gliding joints. A pivot joint works when one bone acts like a ring and the other bone sits inside the ring and rotates. Our neck is an example of a pivot joint because it can rotate around and move up and down. At each joint a soft, squishy material can be found between bones which keeps them from rubbing each other which would be painful. This material is called cartilage. Cartilage, which is bendable, can also be found in our ears and nose. But all of this wouldn’t be possible if it weren’t for ligaments holding all of our bones together at each joint. Ligaments are long, stretchy tissue that connect bone to other bone and stabilize joints. Without these ligaments in place, bones wouldn’t stay attached to each other and wouldn’t allow joints to move. Joints definitely make movement possible and without them, we’d have a hard time getting around our world!
Bones are definitely are important parts of the human body. They allow us to move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells! Because bones are designed so well they are strong, yet lightweight. Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move throughout our world. Finally, the muscles in our body attach to bones, giving us the power to actually move around!
Muscular System:
The muscular system helps the human body move around and have fun. Let’s say you want to move your arms around, eat a sandwich, or run, you use muscles! There are many different types of muscles, and they all serve different purposes. For example, movement, pumping blood, and dilating your pupils. Some of these purposes are controlled by us while others are controlled automatically by the muscle cell or the brain.
There are two types of categories of muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles that we have control over. The are the muscles that control our body’s movement and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body the pull on bones to cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down, they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to any of this without tendons connecting them to bones that they move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to move the bones that they were supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscles, there are two different types of involuntary muscle!
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles do things automatically without us knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscles. They are cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically by themselves. Cardiac muscles are muscles that are found only in our heart that are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about them, they contract and relax throughout our entire lives. Smooth muscles are found inside many of our organs like the intestines, esophagus, stomach, and bladder and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your eyes, and your blood vessels. Smooth muscle cells may look like one big cell, but are actually a bunch of smaller, smooth cells all grouped together (unlike the striated, skeletal cells.) So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles in our body that do things we had no idea about. Including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular system is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half of our body weight and give our body tone and shape. In the next section learn how some of these muscles move blood throughout our body in order to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
The next system in the human body is the circulatory system, which is composed of three main parts, blood, blood vessels and the heart. These three parts work together to pump blood around the body, which gives oxygen and nutrients to all of our cells, organs and tissues. The circulatory system is very important as we can not live without the circulation of blood throughout the body.
One important part of the human body is blood, blood carries oxygen, and nutrients to tissues and cells. Your blood is made up four main parts red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets each of which are needed for the body to run correctly. One purpose of the circulatory system is to fight off and defend us from diseases. That’s why the human body has white blood cells. White blood cells are very important as they defend our body from viruses and bacteria. We would not be able to live without the large amount of white blood cells in our body. White blood cells keep the body healthy! Another important part of blood is red blood cells, the body would not function properly without red blood cells. Red blood cells are made in bone marrow. They carry oxygen around the body to where it is needed. Red blood cells also collect carbon dioxide for your lungs to exhale. Red blood cells are super important because we could not live without oxygen. Along with red and white blood cells, platelets flow through our blood. The job platelets have, is to make sure not too much blood flows out a broken blood vessel or scrape. Platelets stop our bleeding by grouping together to form a barrier. This is called clotting. They conjoin to stop the flow of blood where it is not supposed to be. Platelets make sure we don’t lose too much blood. The last component to blood is plasma. Plasma, a pale yellow-like, liquidy substance helps carry the important parts of blood around the body. So plasma is very important because without it the vital parts of blood moving around the body they would have no point. So plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells all move throughout our body together in blood so, our cells, tissues and organs get the oxygen and nutrients they need.
So now you know what is in your blood, but how does blood get around your body without spilling everywhere? Well that is a blood vessel’s job. Blood vessels are the tubes that contain your blood as it makes its trip around the human body. There are three main types of blood vessels in your body, arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries are the first type of blood vessel, they carry blood away from the heart. Arteries are the thickest blood vessels in your body. They help maintain good blood pressure because they are elastic. Being elastic lets arteries recoil or relax when the heart relaxes in between beats. The sturdy walls contract to have the blood continuously moving away from the heart. So arteries carry blood away from the heart but what do veins, the next main blood vessel do? Veins, in most cases carry oxygen-depleted blood closer, or, to the heart. Veins bring blood by lower blood pressure. Veins have three layers but those layers are thinner and made of less tissue than arteries. So that makes our veins not as strong as arteries. The last main type of blood vessel is our capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest type of blood vessels. Capillaries are the vessels that deliver oxygenated blood to our tissues. So capillaries are obviously very important and are a key part of the circulatory system. Capillaries are the bridges for the oxygenated blood from arteries to tissues. Capillaries also bridge deoxygenated blood from tissues to our veins to be pumped to the heart. So capillaries help veins pump blood back to the heart and arteries bring blood away from the heart but what does the heart actually do?
The heart is one, very important, muscular organ. About the size of your fist, your heart contracts, or beats which squeezes blood out, to go on it’s journey to give oxygen to your cells, organs and tissues. Sitting, slightly tilted left, in the middle of the chest, protected by the lungs, your heart beats every second or two, that you are alive. The heart is divided into four chambers, two ventricles and two atria. These chambers all have different ways of helping to complete one common goal: to pump blood throughout our body. The four chambers of the heart are the left ventricle, right ventricle, left atrium and right atrium. They all work together to keep you alive! One of the four chambers of the heart is the left atrium; which is located on the upper left side of your heart. The primary jobs of the left atrium is to deliver blood to the other parts of the heart, and to act as a holding place for blood coming back from the lungs. Below the left atrium, sits the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the thickest of the heart’s chambers. The job of the left ventricle is to pump oxygenated blood around the human body. So, there is a left atrium and left ventricle but what would they do without a right atrium and right ventricle? The right atrium sits above the right ventricle, next to the left atrium. Deoxygenated blood coming through the heart, first comes through our right atrium, then to be pumped to the right ventricle. The fourth and final hollow chamber of the heart is our right ventricle. The right ventricle is found below the right atrium, and is, like all the other chambers, very important. The right ventricle keeps you alive by pumping oxygen-depleted blood to your lungs. The four chambers of the heart work together to run your heart, and keep your body alive by pumping blood every where in the human body!
Our blood, blood vessels, and heart all work together to make up our circulatory system! The circulatory system is very important and sees that all of our tissues, cells and muscles get enough blood. We should be thankful that we have such a harmonious system, like the circulatory system that fights off diseases, and supplies oxygen to every cell in the body that needs it.
Respiratory System:
The circulatory system brings oxygen filled blood all over the human body, but how does the body get that oxygen in the first place? The respiratory system is the answer to that question! It allows the body to breathe in air and then “sort” the air to get the oxygen out. But this doesn’t happen automatically; it takes many parts of the human body to complete this task.
Our body needs oxygen. That’s why the human body inhales air. But it’s kind of a long journey, down the nasal passage, past the epiglottis, in the larynx and through the trachea to be able to take the oxygen out of the air. Air enters the human body one of two ways; through the nose or open mouth. The air entering through the nose is filtered by the little hairs inside the nose that are called cilia. They stop too much dust and dirt from entering the body. This air travels through the nasal passage. The walls of the nasal passage are coated in respiratory mucous membranes. This is important because without respiratory mucous membranes, bacterias and other things we don’t want in our bodies would constantly get us sick. One part of the body is the epiglottis. The epiglottis protects the windpipe every time we swallow. The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage in the very, very back of our mouth. It covers the windpipe when we eat or drink. The larynx also known as the voice box, is also an important part of the body. It allows air to make a safe journey to the lungs, and allows us to speak! The larynx holds the vocal cords and is the voice box. The vocal cords are two bands of muscle, that form a “V” shape. They vibrate to produce your voice. The vocal cords allow you to speak and sing! When air passes through the vocal cords sound is produced. The vocal cords produce sound in the larynx, but the larynx (voice box) has many other important jobs. The voice box is found in the neck and is involved in numerous things such as breathing, voice, and swallowing. The trachea connects to the larynx which continues the tube air goes in to get to the lungs. The trachea also connects to the bronchial tubes. The trachea is made and reinforced of many layers of cartilage. The air doesn’t stop here! The air will now continue into the lungs to oxygenate the human body.
Air enters the lungs and goes in many directions. But this is not the lungs doing this, it is just happening in the lungs. Many things happen in the lungs, a pair of spongy, organs located in the chest. The lungs play a key role in the function of the human body. Connected to the trachea is the bronchial tube, which will eventually bring that air into the lungs. The bronchial tube brings air in and out of the lungs. Now the bronchus/bronchial tube will connect to different tubes that get smaller and smaller as we go. One bronchial tube is called the bronchus and there are two, one for each of your two lungs. Closer to the middle of the lungs are bronchi which help bring air in and out of the lungs. All of these passageways are very important. The bronchi branch off into bronchioles. Bronchioles are the tiniest of these passageways which connect to end of this long, long tube. At the end of bronchioles there are alveoli. Alveoli are the mini sacs that are very, very busy. They are the end of the respiratory tree. In the alveoli the oxygen is taken to be pumped into blood, and the carbon dioxide is brought back up to be exhaled, this is called gas exchange. Gas exchange is a big part of breathing; we inhale oxygen and exhale the carbon dioxide from air.Gas exchange is “sorting” the air, because air is made up of many things; some of which are not wanted in the body. The lungs relax and contract when we breath. That is when the body is bringing the carbon dioxide out, or bringing the air in. But the lungs wouldn’t be able to do this without the diaphragm. The diaphragm contracts and expands, which does the opposite to the lungs. The diaphragm makes the lungs able to work, and we wouldn’t be able to breathe without the lungs. So the diaphragm helps us to breathe. Air takes a long trip to get to the alveoli. And then to be pumped around the body!
When air enters the body it’s in for a real trip, through the nasal passage, down the larynx and trachea, into the bronchial tube, bronchus, bronchi, then squeezed through the bronchioles into the alveoli. Then to be pumped back to a different destinations must be very tiring. Lucky we have such a reliable respiratory system!
Digestive System:
After we eat our food where does it go, and how does it eventually come out? It takes our body a lot of effort to digest one meal. Many organs and other parts of the body help make digestion possible.
The process of digestion has many steps, factors and parts. The first of which is the mouth. The mouth is the opening that starts the digestive tract. The mouth is an important part of the human body. In the mouth are teeth, which help chew, and rip the food you eat into smaller pieces. This is called mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion is the term for when the teeth are breaking food into smaller pieces. Mechanical digestion is a key part of the digestive system, without it food wouldn’t be able to get down the throat as easily. This happens in the mouth. Also in your mouth is saliva. In saliva is an enzyme. Which is a protein that helps break down the carbohydrates you eat. This is called chemical digestion. Chemical digestion is where your body breaks the food down to get the nutrients it contains. This happens when the food mixes with the saliva in your mouth. Along with all of this happening the tongue helps you chew, and eventually digest your food. The tongue is located at the bottom of the mouth. The tongue is covered in taste buds which help you taste the delicious food you eat. Your tongue forms this chewed up food into a ball like form. This is called bolus. Bolus is the food you already chewed and are now going to swallow. Your body has broken down all the food but it still has a long, winding journey ahead.
After you swallow the bolus it will go through many tubes. When the food is swallowed it goes through the esophagus which is connected to the throat. And at the other end is connected to the stomach. The esophagus is lined in a wet tissue. This pink tissue is called mucosa. The esophagus goes through the diaphragm at one point. Peristalsis starts in the esophagus and also happens in other parts of the digestive tract. Peristalsis is a movement smooth muscles do to move what used to be food through your body. Retroperistalsis is when the muscles move the food upward to make you vomit. If your body thinks there is poison in the food you just consumed it will get rid of the “poison”. Lucky the body knows what to do when you eat and drink something, instead of you having to consciously think about it.
Connected with the esophagus is the stomach. The stomach is an internal organ, that helps digest the food we eat. The stomach contracts to churn the food which helps with digestion. In the stomach and other organs involved in digestion you can find digestive juices. Some digestive juices are saliva, bile, and more! The body is constantly making little bits of these in very small amounts. The juices are found in different parts of the digestive system. But they all help in the process of digestion. Now the food you ate can be called chyme. Chyme is a thick, liquid like substance. Chyme is made of digestive secretions and partly digested food. The food is now partially digested.
Next in the digestive tract is the small intestine. The small intestine can be around six meters long! Lots of food you eat is digested in the small intestine. The small intestine connects to the stomach and large intestine. Villus can be found in the small intestine. Villi (singular of villus) help the body absorb food quicker. Villi take the nutrients from food and then put it in the blood stream. This is important because the human body needs all of those nutrients to properly function.
Another thing in the human body is the Pancreas. The pancreas is located next to the small intestine, it helps the small intestine. The pancreas puts digestive enzymes into the small intestine to help with digestion. The digestive enzymes help absorb the nutrients that are in the thing you recently ate. The pancreas is connected to the small intestine by the pancreatic duct. The pancreatic duct is a tiny tube. The pancreas is a gland, which is long and flat. Once the pancreas has helped to digest the food, the liver and gallbladder get a turn.
Many more things have to happen in order for the human body to have fully digested some food. The liver is a beefy organ in the body that has one main purpose, to produce bile. The liver is split into two parts the left lobe, and the right lobe. What the liver produces, bile is actually very important. Bile helps the body digest fatty foods in the first section of the small intestine. The liver makes all the bile but where is bile stored until fatty foods are eaten? Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is pretty small and is under the liver. The gallbladder stores the bile until it is needed and then gives it to the small intestine. Many parts of the digestive system help the small intestine, but there is also the large intestine.
Connected to the small intestine is the large intestine. The large intestine is shorter than the small intestine but is thicker. The large intestine absorbs all the water and vitamins. The large intestine also turns digested food to feces, which the anus will dispose of.
The anus, not fully functional in newborn babies, and is the very end of the digestive tract. It disposes your waste. Your body has taken all the nutrients it wants and needs from what used to be your food. The anus is made of muscles that let waste come out of your body.
The human body is amazing and complicated. It can have small amounts of multiple digestive juices being created as well as bile in the liver. The body will swallow food then slowly digest it through a series of tubes that make up the digestive tract. Many things have to happen in order for the digestive process to be completed!
Nervous System:
Food is being digested, blood is being pumped, many things are happening in the human body. One other main part of the human body called the nervous system may have the most going on!
The body wouldn’t be able to do most things without your brain. The human brain is very complex and amazing. It is the boss of your body. The brain can be split into three main parts; the cerebrum, cerebellum and the medulla (brain stem), which are all very important. One section in the brain is the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain. It makes up over half of the brain’s weight. The cerebrum is in charge of voluntary movements/muscles. Which stroke you swim, which direction you run, the cerebrum decides all of that. You couldn’t do any of your favorite activities without the cerebrum. Another important part of the brain is the cerebellum. The cerebellum memorizes different sequences of everyday things such as walking or talking. It also controls parts of balance, muscle tone and equilibrium which all help make all of our movements nice and smooth. The cerebellum gives us a sense of body position. The cerebrum and cerebellum work on important things but the human body couldn’t function properly without the medulla. The medulla is located under the cerebrum and in front of the cerebellum. The medulla is also the smallest part of the brain. The medulla is also called the brainstem. It connects the human brain to the spinal cord. The medulla is in charge of many vital things that happen everyday. Some things that are controlled by the brainstem include the digestion of food, blinking of the eyes, circulating blood and breathing, all of your involuntary actions. So, the medulla keeps many important things going, in the human body. The brain is definitely a busy organ!
Your brain is in charge of many things but it wouldn’t be able to actually move your leg, or react in pain when you burn yourself without nerves! There are a couple different types of nerves, and one of them is called a sensory nerve. Sensory nerves carry signals to the brain about internal organs, pain, injury and touch. Sensory nerves help the brain know what messages to send. Another type of nerve is a motor nerve. Motor nerves send messages from the brain to the spinal cord or muscles. Motor nerves help us move by sending messages to muscles. One other thing in the human body is the spinal cord. The spinal cord is like a big rope of nerves. It can be found with the spine. The spinal cord connects many parts of the body with the brain. Along with nerves, neurons can also be found in the human body. Neurons are nerve cells that bring messages to and from the human brain at a very high speed. They are made up of many things. Dendrites and axons are found all throughout the body in neurons. Many parts of the body work together to send nerve signals to and from the brain! A synapses does just that! There are billions of neurons in the human body. And in between each neuron (which is a very tiny space), is the synapses. So there must be a lot of synapses in the body! A synapses is the small, small, small space between two neurons. Messages flow across the synapses to the next neuron. Most of the neurons in the human body have dendrites; which are a key part of a neuron. Dendrites receive electrical messages and then send these messages to the cell body. And the axon carries signals or messages away from the cell body. The axon is like a connecting cable, it carries efferent messages or signals. Nerves and neurons all work very hard to keep the human body up and running! If nerves or neurons weren’t as quick as they are, you wouldn’t right away notice that your hand is burning on the stove. They definitely help keep the human body safe and sound.
Nerves and neurons would have no point without the five human senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing and touch. These senses give the body an idea about its surroundings; such as how it looks or where the food is. One of these senses, sight, gives the human body an idea about everything around it. Fully functional eyes give the body the power to see. If the eye(s) are not fully functional some people will wear glasses or contact lens to help the eye(s). The eyes are only able to see because there is light. Light is the key in sight, without it, sight wouldn’t be needed. Eyes let the light in and then send the picture to the brain to interpret. Then from there the brain decides what messages need to be sent, based on the picture. The next sense is smell. The sense of smell is created by the nose. Inside of the nose there is a little patch of olfactory sensory neurons. Olfactory sensory neurons are specialized sensory cells that give the human body the sense of smell. One more human sense is taste. The tongue makes this sense possible! Different parts of the tongue respond to tastes that include bitter, sour, sweet, salty. This sense tells the human body what it is eating. Sometimes considered the best or most important sense, hearing gives the human body a major amount of information, regarding the world around us. It makes us able to receive sound waves from objects, animals and other humans communicating with us. The sound waves are taken in by one part of the ear and then funneled to the eardrum. The final sense of the five human senses is touch. This sense is used all the time! The brain gets a lot of messages regarding touch but filters out the unimportant ones; like your feet touching your socks or your clothes against your legs. The sense of touch tells the brain if the surface is hot, wet, smooth, mesh or sharp. The skin, and many nerves and cells in, and near the skin help to send messages to the brain to keep you safe! All of the senses help the brain and the human body up and on it’s feet!
The nervous system is a very busy system! Messages are being sent to the brain almost constantly; and there is only one brain! The nervous system all works together to keep most involuntary things running as well as all voluntary movements and actions. The brain is like the center of the body, it gives directions, gets reports from all parts of the body as well as running the whole thing!
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to ensure our well-being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and carbon dioxide. Finally, the digestive system converts food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and hope that you learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
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