Introduction To Human Body Research Paper:
Did you know that our bodies create about a gallon of mucus in just two days! I do. In fact, I know a lot of other interesting information about the human body, and YOU WILL TOO if you read my paper. Within this document, you will find six different body systems essays including focus on the muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems, which all work together to operate our body. All the these systems have different components, each with their own unique functions that help us survive. However, each system cannot operate alone - they need each other to be successful. For example, the nutrients gathered by the digestive system get distributed throughout the body in the circulatory system! Over the previous 12 weeks, we gathered information, organized our thoughts, and paraphrased what trusted websites taught us about each system. We worked with responsibility partners and our papers definitely benefited from the collaboration. Just like each human body system needs to rely on the other systems, we relied on each other to improve our writing and our process. The following is the result of our hard work...
Skeletal System:
Our skeletal system is made of 206 bones. These bones together provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so we can walk around, and protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our circulatory system! Without our bones, we would be nothing more than a pile of skin, organs, and muscles on the floor. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe!
Our bones are made up of many different layers. These layers are important because we need our ones to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside layer of bone is made up of solid, compact bone that makes our bones strong or dense. The next layer of bone is called cancerous bone (a.k.a. spongy bone). This layer allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called peritoneum which is where our muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight!
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn’t be able to move without joints...
Did you know that our bodies create about a gallon of mucus in just two days! I do. In fact, I know a lot of other interesting information about the human body, and YOU WILL TOO if you read my paper. Within this document, you will find six different body systems essays including focus on the muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems, which all work together to operate our body. All the these systems have different components, each with their own unique functions that help us survive. However, each system cannot operate alone - they need each other to be successful. For example, the nutrients gathered by the digestive system get distributed throughout the body in the circulatory system! Over the previous 12 weeks, we gathered information, organized our thoughts, and paraphrased what trusted websites taught us about each system. We worked with responsibility partners and our papers definitely benefited from the collaboration. Just like each human body system needs to rely on the other systems, we relied on each other to improve our writing and our process. The following is the result of our hard work...
Skeletal System:
Our skeletal system is made of 206 bones. These bones together provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so we can walk around, and protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our circulatory system! Without our bones, we would be nothing more than a pile of skin, organs, and muscles on the floor. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe!
Our bones are made up of many different layers. These layers are important because we need our ones to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside layer of bone is made up of solid, compact bone that makes our bones strong or dense. The next layer of bone is called cancerous bone (a.k.a. spongy bone). This layer allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called peritoneum which is where our muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight!
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn’t be able to move without joints...
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn’t be able to move without joints! Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our bodies, but we’ll just focus on four of them. The first type of joint is called a hinge joint. Just like the hinges on a door, they allow movement back and forth. We have hinge joints in our elbows and knees, and we even have them in our knuckles! Another type of joint is called the ball and socket joint. This is where one bone has a ball at the end of it and the other bone has a “baseball mit” for the ball to sit in. Our shoulders and hips are examples of ball and socket joints. The third type of joint that we studied was called a gliding joint. Gliding joints are places where two or more bones meet and slide past each other. Our wrists and ankles are two examples of gliding joints. The last type of joint is called the pivot joint. A pivot joint works when one bone acts like a ring and the other one rotates. Our neck is an example of a pivot joint because it can rotate around and move up and down. At each joint a soft, squishy, material can be found between bones which keeps the from rubbing each other. This material is called cartilage. Cartilage, which is bendable, can also be found in our ears and nose. But all of this wouldn’t be possible if it weren’t for ligaments holding all of our bones together at each joint. ligaments are stretchy, long, tissue that connect bone to other bone and stabilize joints. Without these ligaments in place bones wouldn’t stay attached to each other and wouldn’t to move. Its interesting to note that people who are double jointed actually just have extremely stretchy ligaments! Joints definitely make movement possible and without them we’d have a hard time getting around our world!
Bones definitely are important part of the human body. They allow us move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells! Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move throughout our world!! But we would not do all these things without muscles.
Muscular System:
The muscular system helps the human body move and have fun! Let’s say you want to wave your arms around, eat a sandwich, or run, you use your muscles! There are many different types of muscles and they all serve different purposes. (e.g. There is movement, pumping blood, and dilating your pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us while others are controlled automatically by the muscle cell or the brain.
There are types of categories of muscles: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body’s movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down, the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to the ones that they're supposed to moved. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle, there are two different types of involuntary muscles.
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles do things automatically without us knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscle. They are smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically by themselves. Cardiac muscles are muscles in our heart that are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about them, and they relax and contract our whole lives. Smooth muscles are found inside many of our organs for example, the intestines, esophagus, stomach, and bladder and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your blood vessels, as well as your eyes. Smooth muscles look like one big cell, but they are actually just a bunch of of smaller, smooth cells grouped together (unlike the striated, skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles that do things we had no idea about! Including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half our body weight and give our body tone and shape. In the next essay learn how some of these muscles move blood throughout our body to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
The circulatory system makes sure the body is living and healthy. Without it, our body would completely shut down down because our body would have no blood! If we had no blood, every tissue in our body would die, our lungs couldn’t operate anymore, and cuts would not be healed! But blood isn’t just a normal liquid, there are cells and special places for it to be carried on!
Blood is a very important part of the circulatory system! Without blood, we could not keep warm or cool off, fight viruses, or get rid of bad chemicals in our body. We also couldn’t get the nutrients or oxygen we need to live! The heart needs blood to though. Blood runs through the veins and nourishes the muscular walls of the heart. Blood also carries waste materials (like carbon dioxide) to the digestive system and kidneys were they are removed. But there are also cells that help the body in many different ways! White blood cells are like microscopic warriors that protect your body from viruses. White blood cells are apart of the immune system which is a terribly important job because otherwise you would be getting sick very easily. When your sick white blood cells are at war. They are trying to get rid of the germs that are making you sick. The cool thing is that each cell has its own very important job! And sometimes the body makes even more white blood cells to help the others. There are also red blood cells who have a important job to. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the parts of the body. When you take a breath you breathe in oxygen, so red blood cells go to the lungs and pick up the oxygen. Then the deliver it to the parts of the body. They also deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs for when they exhale. To keep red blood cells healthy, you need to eat lots of nutritious food, like dark greens, mangoes, avocados, nuts and seeds, eggs, whole grains, orange juice, and beans. So obviously the cells are very important! But have you ever wondered why you get scabs when you get a cut? This is the work of platelets trying to heal the cut. But scientifically there is a hole in the blood vessel and the platelets are trying to protect that blood vessel from more damage. Platelets are oval shaped cells made in the bone marrow that only last about 9 days but are constantly being replaced! This is very convenient so you never have a cut that just keeps bleeding! Just don’t pick at your scab! Platelets will have to make the scab all over again! Help the little cells out and don’t pick scabs! And finally one of the largest components of blood, plasma is the liquid that runs through your blood. It usually a unrecognized job and most people forget it. Plasma carries all the components (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.) to where they need to go to help function the body. Plasma takes up 55% of your blood because it is the liquid. Plasma alone is a yellowish color, like the color of straw. So obviously blood and blood cells are very important, but none of this could be possible without a place for blood to be carried in.
Blood vessels are like a set of roads, highways, back alleys, and alleyways! They deliver blood to different tissues in the body, like the organs and stomach. These blood vessels are the veins, arteries, and capillaries. Without them, we wouldn’t be able to live because some of our body wouldn’t have blood! The arteries have a very important job of delivering blood to all the parts of the body. Every time your heart beats, blood gets forced into the arteries so they can deliver it to other tissues in the body. The arteries are the first vessel the heart pumps blood through so they can experience high blood pressure, but luckily arteries have thick, elastic walls to withstand the pressure. They expand and the blood keeps running smoothly through your body! When the heart relaxes the arteries go back to normal size. Another type of blood vessel is the veins. The veins carry blood with lower blood pressure because they have 3 layers that have less tissue in them. This makes them weaker than the arteries, but still an important part of the circulatory system. Veins deliver blood to the heart that they had just picked up from the capillaries. The blood that the veins carry is red, but the reflection of light makes them appear blue. These guys also are visible through your skin! The last component of the blood vessels are the capillaries. Capillaries extend to all the tissues in your body making sure they all have a good blood supply, but like the veins they are very thin and don’t have a lot of tissue in them. They are the smallest blood vessel in our body! They also pick up oxygen and nutrients and drop off wastes. The capillaries are made up of one compacted layer of endothelial cells, that are very thin and line the inner of the capillary. So that is why blood vessels are so important, but none of these things would work without something making blood!
The heart is like the sun. Without it shining, there wouldn’t be any living creature, and without the heart pumping blood, your body would die! We need the heart to keep pumping blood for other reasons to. We need it pumping to fight viruses in our body, we need it to keep our body parts living, and we even need it to heal cuts! The heart is a special muscle like no other! It sends blood throughout our body and is about the size of your fist! Before your heart beats it fills up with blood. Then the heart contracts, and it pushes blood along. The heart is split into different chambers though, the left atrium, the right atrium, the left ventricle, and the right ventricle. They all are unique and have very important tasks like, pumping blood to the body. The left atrium is responsible for holding blood that they had just received from the lungs and transport the blood to other areas in the heart. The walls of the left atrium are a bit thicker than the walls in the right atrium. The right atrium is the part of the heart where blood passes through to the lungs to receive oxygen. So obviously the right atrium is very low in oxygen, so it is very important for the blood to travel to the lungs! Blood that has been filled with oxygen returns to the left atrium, and then passes to the left ventricle, but what to do with this blood? The blood is pumped through a blood vessel called the atora, a very large blood vessel, to small blood vessels. The right ventricle also pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs because the right side of the heart has less oxygen. The four chambers of the heart are a need to the circulatory system and the human body!
The circulatory system is one of the main factors of why we function. It delivers blood to all the parts of our body, and even helps our breathing! But without the respiratory system breathing wouldn’t be possible! We need different parts of the body to even take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide! The next essay will tell you how breathing is even possible!
Respiratory System:
The respiratory system is a system with tubes, vocal cords and the lungs! Unlike the circulatory system, the respiratory system allows us to breathe, to talk, and even make noise! This paper will tell you all about how you can breathe and even talk!
The respiratory system’s main job is to get air inside the body, but in order to do that we need a mouth and nose. They breathe the air in and the air flows down the trachea or windpipe. The windpipe separates and goes to the lungs. The nose and mouth allow air to enter the body by breathing it in, but sometimes we breathe through one or another. The nose and the mouth always have two important tasks, the nose smells and breathes in air, and the mouth consumes food and breathes in air, but they both have very different amazing things about them. The nose has tiny hairs called cilia, which filter the air and get rid of any dust or particles. The air is also humidified and warmed in the nose and then the air goes down the trachea. But air can also be taken in through the mouth and follows the same path into the lungs. But the nasal passage is also very important. The nasal passage is a mucous membrane that keeps your nose moist. This helps us not get nosebleeds because when you have a dry nose, your nose has the possibility to bleed. The nasal passage also include the cilia hairs which are very important because they protect the lungs from dust and particles. We sneeze to get the particles out of our nose! But the epiglottis is needed for swallowing the food the human body needs to get energy. But the epiglottis is a very important part of the body because it prevents food from going into the lungs! It flops over the trachea when you swallow food. Without an epiglottis we would cough or choke every time we ate! The epiglottis is made up of elastic cartilage tissue and is attached to the entrance of the larynx. The larynx sits on top of the epiglottis and produces vocal sounds. The larynx includes the voice box and vocal cords and it also makes sure that no food or particles goes down the trachea. It work with air from the lungs to make words or noises. The vocal cords are organs inside the body that allow speech. They are made of mucous membrane and stretch across the inside cavity of the larynx. There are essentially two vocal cords in the body, but nobody's vocal cords are the same. The are unique, like fingerprints. Women and children’s vocal cords are thinner and shorter so their voices are more high pitched. The voice box is a tubular shape made of cartilage and located between the pharynx and trachea. It is the uppermost part of the windpipe and is a two inch long tube that vibrates to make sounds. Next comes the trachea or windpipe, extends down to the base of the larynx. It is a wide, hollow tube with strong, tough, walls. The purpose of the trachea is to allow air into the lungs. Without the trachea, air wouldn’t be able to reach the lungs and the body would shut down because we wouldn’t be able to get rid of carbon dioxide and other dangerous chemicals that we breathed in! When a person inhales, the diaphragm tightens or contracts which increases the space in your lungs. When a person breathes in, air goes down the trachea until it reaches the lungs. When the air does reach the lungs, we breathe out waste like carbon dioxide. But the whole respiratory system needs it center. The lungs are the main part of the respiratory system! They get rid of waste in our body and there are two of them, but they are not like two nostrils. One lung is bigger than the other and they are protected by the rib cage. They contain elastic tissues that allow them to inflate and deflate without losing shape. They are also protected by the rib cage and are located in the chest but still leave space for the heart. The diaphragm also helps the lungs to inhale and exhale. But one of the tubes leading to the lungs is the bronchial tube. The trachea is the pipe air goes down when you breathe it in, but when air starts getting deeper into the trachea, it comes to a fork in the road. These are the bronchial tubes. One tube leads left to the left lung, and the other leads right into the right lung. The air then passes through smaller and smaller tubes leading to the alveoli. These smaller tubes are the bronchi. The bronchi or bronchus are the smaller tubes connected to the bronchial tubes. There are many bronchus attached to each other and they all lead to the bronchi oles, even smaller tubes. The bronchi oles do not contain cartilage because they are simply so small. They are the tiniest of the bronchi and bronchial tubes! Bronchi oles are part of the conducting zone which marks the beginning of the respiratory region. But there must be an end to the branches of the bronchial tree. The alveolus (plural for alveoli) are tiny air sacs that look like microscopic grapes. They are all clamped together and they are the most important transfer the human body does. They trade with the capillaries. The capillaries give them carbon dioxide, and the alveoli give them oxygen! This is a huge trade because the capillaries bring the oxygen all around to the places that need it and the alveoli send the carbon dioxide back to the lungs for them to breathe it out!
The respiratory system is a system that is needed for survival. Without it, we wouldn’t be able to breathe and we would die! In this system, there are amazing transfers, tubes, and most importantly, the lungs! Even though this is a powerful system, the digestive system allows us to eat and have energy.
Digestive System:
The digestive system is the system that allows us to eat, drink, and even get rid of waste that is in our body! It is also the reason some people have diabetes and other symptoms that limit their range of foods they can eat. We also make fluids that we don’t even know of! This paper will tell you how everything in the digestive system works, like the small intestine, but it will also talk about things that maybe you have never heard about!
The mouth is the first step for the digestive system. Food enters our mouth and we swallow it! It’s as simple as that, or is it? We actually have a process of mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion is when the teeth chew up food into tiny pieces and we swallow. This process is very important because we can choke if our food has chunks that are way to big, and it is very important to remember that this process starts in the mouth. Another huge part in the digestive system is chemical digestion. Chemical digestion is when food mixes with saliva to break it down into simpler nutrients that can be used by cells. Saliva also contains an enzyme that helps start break down the carbohydrates. This helps us have energy to keep the day going! But none of this would happen without a tongue! The tongue is a big group of muscles that can push all your food around! It pushes your food to the back teeth so they can grind it all up! It also helps you make sounds that have the letters “K” and “G”! The tongue is also very flexible! Try to stretch your tongue in all different directions and you will see how flexible your tongue really is! The tongue is a very helpful muscle and we wouldn’t be able to eat without it! Did you know that the food you swallow has a specific name? Well it does, it’s called a bolus. A bolus is all the food we eat compacted into a ball. It is not a big bit of food, it’s only a small one. This is only the second part of the digestive tract though.
The esophagus pushes food down to the stomach. It can expand and contract for the passage of food! It is connected to the pharynx and is about ten inches long! The esophagus also helps the process of peristalsis move the bolus or food down to the stomach. Peristalsis is the process of a wave moving food smoothly, down to the stomach. Peristalsis is not a body part, it is an involuntary muscle moving food down, and some organs contain muscles that allow movement in this process. But what comes down must come up! Reverse peristalsis is the process of a poison in your body, escaping, otherwise known as throwing up! There could be chemicals in food or liquid and the body knows that they need to get right of it right away! This is a pro about the human body, it can take care of itself.
The stomach is a very important organ in the digestive system! It is located on the upper left part of your belly and no acid can go and burn through it! And did you know, that when you blush, the inside of your stomach turns red, and the reason you burp is because when there is lots of air in your stomach, the easiest way to get rid of it is to burp! It also churns food to boosts the digestion and is attached to the pyloric sphincter which is ab tube leading to the small intestine. The glands in the stomach create stomach acid and enzymes that break down protein. The blood also delivers nutrients to all the different parts of the body! But chyme is also a very important substance. Chyme is a substance in the stomach before being forced into the pyloric sphincter. Chyme is the result of bolus after chemical and mechanical digestion. While chyme passes through the pyloric sphincter, it extracts nutrients.
Finally, the chyme goes into the small intestine. The small intestine is approximately a 20 feet long but is very thin, and it is folded and curled in a small area called the abdominal cavity, which is a sheet of muscle. The small intestines purpose is to absorb nutrients and food into the body and the waste just keeps going through. Inside the small intestine there are finger like structures called villi. Villi work together to absorb food that has already has been broken down. There are the main parts of the small intestine, the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. About nine liters of fluid enter the duodenum each day, and most chemical digestion takes place here! The other two parts of the small intestine absorb food molecules in the way of the villi. The villi create a larger surface for absorption and are connected to blood vessels so blood has a easy source of nutrients. A larger surface helps nutrients absorb quicker, and since the food has already been broken down, (thanks to chemical and mechanical digestion) the food can immediately go to the blood stream. Villi help the large intestine by allowing nutrients pass through speedily, but what else does it do? When chyme is squirted down to the small intestine, the body starts to absorb nutrients, the villi or micro villi absorb the nutrients, and then shoot it into the bloodstream. This is why blood vessels and villi are next to each other, so the bloodstream can have easy access to nutrients.
The next part in the digestive system is the pancreas. The pancreas is in our abdomen and is a flattened gland. It produces enzymes to further break down the food in the stomach. This part of the body is vital for survival because without it, our blood sugar rate would be out of control. This is why we get diabetes, if we don’t get enough insulin, a hormone the pancreas produces, we need to eat less sugar. The pancreas enzymes also helps break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and nearly eight cups of it enter the duodenum each day, but if the pancreas does not produce enough enzyme, doctors can prescribe pancreatic enzyme products. It also neutralizes stomach acid and without it, we would have poor absorption!
Another digestive fluid in the digestive system is bile. Bile is a green fluid that consists of cholesterol, acids, bilirubin (which is a broken down red blood cell), water, body salts, and copper. This fluid breaks down fats and makes it into acid which can be taken in by the digestive tract. It helps digestion go through and is concealed in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. The gallbladder sits behind the liver and is a storage area for bile, as said earlier. It is also a flat gland that is only full of bile before consuming anything. After a meal, the gallbladder is flat like paper. The liver is the organ that produces bile and is connected to the gallbladder. It is connected by the biliary tract which leads to the duodenum. The liver is also helps control blood sugar between meals. The liver and the gallbladder are located in the upper right area of the abdomen and are definitely a huge part of the digestive system, and the body!
The large intestine is one of the last steps in digestion. It is approximately 1.5 meters long and is much thicker than the small intestine, but is shorter in length. It runs straight through the abdomen and is connected to the ileum of the small intestine. The large intestines main purpose is to absorb water and salt, and to get rid of waste found in food. Water is easy to absorb because it is small and the body has places where water can only go, but what does absorb water into the bloodstream? Well, when water enters the bloodstream, only 20% of the liquid you consumed is there! This is because most of it has already been absorbed, but the small intestine and large intestine both absorb this water and send it to the bloodstream. Although the small intestine absorbs the most water, this system still works.
The final part of the digestive system all comes down to the anus. The anus is a hole where all the waste left over from this whole process is abolished. This waste is called bowel movements, or poop. This is a very important time because if too much waste built up, we would die!
The digestive system is a very important system that allows us to eat and live a very healthy life, but there are some things that are very neat that no ones knows about this powerful system. Like, did you know that it takes a long time to digest fiber, or that the small intestine is actually longer, than the large intestine! Overall, this system is strong and is needed to not go hungry!
Nervous System:
The nervous system is the system that controls your thoughts, movements, and even memories! This system includes the brain and spinal cord, which both are controls centers for messages from different parts of the body! And there are also some other things that maybe you had no idea existed! In this paper, you will learn all about how we send messages from all over the body to the brain, and maybe some other cool facts.
The brain is like the control center of our body. Our memories and emotions are all from the brain! It even controls us when we are asleep. It also controls our muscles, both voluntary and involuntary, and did you know, that the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body! The brain looks like a big bumpy sponge, but is one of the most important parts of the body, but the brain has a team, fighting to make the body work properly! The parts of the brain are what we are going to talk about. The first and biggest part of the brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum takes up 85% of the brain! This is because the cerebrum controls all of the voluntary muscles. So without it, you can’t play outside or walk to school! You also need the cerebrum to think hard, like when you are reading a book. It also stores your memories, long term and short term. This is pretty much why it takes up most of the brain. You also need it to make decisions, like when to do your homework or were you want to go to the movies later! The cerebrum has two halves which are very important. Without each half, the brain would not function. While left side is said to help you with math, logic and speech, right side helps you with shapes, colors and music. The next part of the brain is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is located at the very back of the brain and is about 10% of the brain. Although it doesn’t take up much of the brain, it does use over 50% of the nerves in it! The cerebellums purpose is to coordinate movement and make sure it is not sloppy. The muscles would still work without them, but as I said, it would be much harder and sloppier. The cerebellum sort of takes orders from the cerebrum, because the cerebrum orders movement, but it still helping the body in it’s own way! The final part of the brain is the medulla. The medulla is connected to the spinal cord, and controls many reflexes. It also controls the lungs and the heart! The medulla takes up only 5% of the brain's volume, but it sure is needed to survive! It is located at the very bottom of the brain, (by the spinal cord) and is a little bit longer than 3 inches. The medulla looks like a tube, so it is very easy for it and the spinal cord to connect! The brain is the control center of our body, but it has little workers in it and through out all the body, helping us with everything from feeling to tasting. These workers, are called nerves.
The nerves carry signals to the brain, and the body. They are made up of groups of axons that are wrapped in a tissue called the endometrium. Individual groups of axons are wrapped in a connective tissue called the perineum. The perineum helps speed up the process of nerves communicating with the body. The nerves in your body travel between three things, the brain, the spinal cord, and the rest of your body. But there are different types of nerves doing different types of communicating around the body. The first type of nerve is called a sensory nerve. Sensory nerves carry messages to the brain telling it what is happening in the world. For example, when you eat something, sensory nerves from the tongue say if the food is delicious, or not. There are also sensory nerves in your nose, skin, eyes and ears! So the five senses are obviously controlled by sensory nerves. The other type of nerves are motor nerves. Motor nerves help control the muscles in the body. If you want to lift your left arm, motor nerves carry messages to the brain saying to lift the left arm. The brain can also send messages over to motor nerves. The brain can send signals to the motor nerves saying to contract or expand some parts of the body, and the motor nerves will tell the muscles. These muscles are definitely needed to create any type of movement that the body needs to move! But these nerves need a passageway, or a bridge to communicate with all the body. The spinal cord is a long tube that is like a road for messages to pass through. It also controls reflexes, like the knee jerk reflex. The spinal cord might seem like only one big bone, but it made up of 26 individual bones! And all those bones, are protected by the vertebrae. The vertebrae is separated from the spinal cord by cartilage to make sure they don’t rub together. The vertebrae also allows more flexibility in the spine. The next part in the nervous system is the neurons. Neurons are like stretched out fingers. They are attached to each other and they can be up to three feet long, but some can be super small. A neuron is a little electric pulse that has a path leading to the spinal cord. It is activated when heat, coldness, something touching the skin, or sound vibrations are near and the spinal cord reacts to it. They are sort of like a game of telephone, where they repeat the messages to each other to get it to some specific place. They are very thin things but help the body in a huge way, but there are little things that join the neurons together. These connectors are called synapses. Synapses allow neurons to pass the messages that they carry to each other, sort of like how a tunnel allows us to pass through without falling into a hole! There are two types of synapses through, chemical and electrical. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to transmit signals. Neurotransmitters are found all over the body, especially the brain. They allow the nervous system to connect with the rest of the systems. Electrical synapses form links between the neurons and helps send messages through the body. The next part of the nervous system are dendrites. Dendrites are gathering and sending messages constantly under the time of a second, and after each message has been received and passed on to the next neuron, it resets so each message can be taken in properly! Dendrites are basically grouped together neurons that receive messages, but some things can interfere with these messages. These things are alcohol and even some medication. With these things the signals of what to do is delayed, which can be very dangerous. Axons are sort of the opposite of dendrites though. They are what nerves and are made up of. Each individual is wrapped in a tissue called endometrium and they can be up to one meter long! They also transmit information to glands in the body. Neurons are a very important part of the nervous system, for they send information, and messages! But you need the five senses to even get any of these messages!
The five senses allow us to do simple, and hard tasks in life, like eating an apple or reading a book! The five senses are the sense of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. If one sense is damaged, the other senses will take over and become stronger. We need the five senses to picture things around us, and to get messages to the brain and spinal cord! The first sense is the sense of taste. Taste allows us to feel the delicious flavors in our food! It tells us what is edible and what is not, and the sense depends on certain molecules in food to generate a signal to send to the brain to tell what type of food it is. This helps us react to the food and see if we like it or not, but we need taste buds to actually taste what we are eating. Our taste buds can only taste sweet, sour, savory, saltiness, and a meaty taste. Things that don’t have these flavors, we can’t taste, but we need the sense of touch to actually pick up the food. The sense of touch allows us to feel things and to do simple everyday tasks! Without the sense of touch, we wouldn’t be able to feel where the living room couch is, or even where the remote for the T.V is! You can also feel things from all over your body while the other senses are only in specific areas. The nerve endings in the skin can feel if something is hot, cold, or if something is hurting you. Nerve endings are very important because without them, you could be getting hurt all the time and not even notice it! Some parts of your body are way more sensitive than the others because they have more nerve endings, like the tongue and your fingertips. One of the least sensitive areas is the back. The sense of sight helps us see what we are feeling though. The sense of sight is sort of like a movie. Your eyes make sure you can see the world around you. Damage can be done to the eye, which makes life very hard. Luckily if you're reading this paper you have your sense of sight. But when you look at an object, you're looking at beams of light bouncing off that object. The beams first pass through a protective layer of your eye called the cornea, and then through the black circle in your eye called the pupil. Then the iris changes the size of the pupil depending on how much light came through. If very little did, the pupil becomes bigger. If lots of light did, then it gets smaller. This protects your eyes from light damaging it, and it makes it so you can sort of see in the dark. The sense of sight is definitely an important sense but you don’t need it to survive. It makes life easier, but isn’t needed. The next sense is the sense of hearing. Hearing things helps us distinguish different things. Like when a car is coming or when your teacher is talking to you. The sound waves are picked up by the external ear, the pinna, and the auditory canal. Sadly, it can be damaged just like the sense of sight. Being deaf means that sound are not being picked up and you will have to communicate with sign language. You need to make sure that when you listen to music or watch T.V., that the volume isn’t too loud. Or else your sense of hearing might be damaged to! The last sense of the five senses is the sense of smell. This sense allows you to smell beautiful flowers in nature, and maybe even mom's delicious brownies that are fresh out of the oven. Your nose can smell over than 10,000 scents! These scents are all detected by a line of neurons in the nose! If this sense is damaged and can not work anymore, it doesn’t have such a big impact as not having sight or hearing does, but the sense of smell does still make life easier. The five senses are definitely needed for the whole nervous system to function! Without them, there wouldn’t even be messages going to the brain! That is why they are so vital to the whole body.
The nervous system allows the body to store memories, move our body, and even sense what is going on in the world around us! It contributes so much to all of the other systems and is simply amazing on it’s own. So when you think, just realize that the nervous system is controlling that thought, and is making you alert of everything around you! This system is definitely one of the most fierce, and is needed to survive.
Conclusion to the Human Body Research Paper:
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to insure our well- being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and carbon dioxide. Finally the digestive system converts food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and hope that you learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
Bones definitely are important part of the human body. They allow us move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells! Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move throughout our world!! But we would not do all these things without muscles.
Muscular System:
The muscular system helps the human body move and have fun! Let’s say you want to wave your arms around, eat a sandwich, or run, you use your muscles! There are many different types of muscles and they all serve different purposes. (e.g. There is movement, pumping blood, and dilating your pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us while others are controlled automatically by the muscle cell or the brain.
There are types of categories of muscles: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body’s movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down, the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to the ones that they're supposed to moved. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle, there are two different types of involuntary muscles.
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles do things automatically without us knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscle. They are smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically by themselves. Cardiac muscles are muscles in our heart that are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about them, and they relax and contract our whole lives. Smooth muscles are found inside many of our organs for example, the intestines, esophagus, stomach, and bladder and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your blood vessels, as well as your eyes. Smooth muscles look like one big cell, but they are actually just a bunch of of smaller, smooth cells grouped together (unlike the striated, skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles that do things we had no idea about! Including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half our body weight and give our body tone and shape. In the next essay learn how some of these muscles move blood throughout our body to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
The circulatory system makes sure the body is living and healthy. Without it, our body would completely shut down down because our body would have no blood! If we had no blood, every tissue in our body would die, our lungs couldn’t operate anymore, and cuts would not be healed! But blood isn’t just a normal liquid, there are cells and special places for it to be carried on!
Blood is a very important part of the circulatory system! Without blood, we could not keep warm or cool off, fight viruses, or get rid of bad chemicals in our body. We also couldn’t get the nutrients or oxygen we need to live! The heart needs blood to though. Blood runs through the veins and nourishes the muscular walls of the heart. Blood also carries waste materials (like carbon dioxide) to the digestive system and kidneys were they are removed. But there are also cells that help the body in many different ways! White blood cells are like microscopic warriors that protect your body from viruses. White blood cells are apart of the immune system which is a terribly important job because otherwise you would be getting sick very easily. When your sick white blood cells are at war. They are trying to get rid of the germs that are making you sick. The cool thing is that each cell has its own very important job! And sometimes the body makes even more white blood cells to help the others. There are also red blood cells who have a important job to. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the parts of the body. When you take a breath you breathe in oxygen, so red blood cells go to the lungs and pick up the oxygen. Then the deliver it to the parts of the body. They also deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs for when they exhale. To keep red blood cells healthy, you need to eat lots of nutritious food, like dark greens, mangoes, avocados, nuts and seeds, eggs, whole grains, orange juice, and beans. So obviously the cells are very important! But have you ever wondered why you get scabs when you get a cut? This is the work of platelets trying to heal the cut. But scientifically there is a hole in the blood vessel and the platelets are trying to protect that blood vessel from more damage. Platelets are oval shaped cells made in the bone marrow that only last about 9 days but are constantly being replaced! This is very convenient so you never have a cut that just keeps bleeding! Just don’t pick at your scab! Platelets will have to make the scab all over again! Help the little cells out and don’t pick scabs! And finally one of the largest components of blood, plasma is the liquid that runs through your blood. It usually a unrecognized job and most people forget it. Plasma carries all the components (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.) to where they need to go to help function the body. Plasma takes up 55% of your blood because it is the liquid. Plasma alone is a yellowish color, like the color of straw. So obviously blood and blood cells are very important, but none of this could be possible without a place for blood to be carried in.
Blood vessels are like a set of roads, highways, back alleys, and alleyways! They deliver blood to different tissues in the body, like the organs and stomach. These blood vessels are the veins, arteries, and capillaries. Without them, we wouldn’t be able to live because some of our body wouldn’t have blood! The arteries have a very important job of delivering blood to all the parts of the body. Every time your heart beats, blood gets forced into the arteries so they can deliver it to other tissues in the body. The arteries are the first vessel the heart pumps blood through so they can experience high blood pressure, but luckily arteries have thick, elastic walls to withstand the pressure. They expand and the blood keeps running smoothly through your body! When the heart relaxes the arteries go back to normal size. Another type of blood vessel is the veins. The veins carry blood with lower blood pressure because they have 3 layers that have less tissue in them. This makes them weaker than the arteries, but still an important part of the circulatory system. Veins deliver blood to the heart that they had just picked up from the capillaries. The blood that the veins carry is red, but the reflection of light makes them appear blue. These guys also are visible through your skin! The last component of the blood vessels are the capillaries. Capillaries extend to all the tissues in your body making sure they all have a good blood supply, but like the veins they are very thin and don’t have a lot of tissue in them. They are the smallest blood vessel in our body! They also pick up oxygen and nutrients and drop off wastes. The capillaries are made up of one compacted layer of endothelial cells, that are very thin and line the inner of the capillary. So that is why blood vessels are so important, but none of these things would work without something making blood!
The heart is like the sun. Without it shining, there wouldn’t be any living creature, and without the heart pumping blood, your body would die! We need the heart to keep pumping blood for other reasons to. We need it pumping to fight viruses in our body, we need it to keep our body parts living, and we even need it to heal cuts! The heart is a special muscle like no other! It sends blood throughout our body and is about the size of your fist! Before your heart beats it fills up with blood. Then the heart contracts, and it pushes blood along. The heart is split into different chambers though, the left atrium, the right atrium, the left ventricle, and the right ventricle. They all are unique and have very important tasks like, pumping blood to the body. The left atrium is responsible for holding blood that they had just received from the lungs and transport the blood to other areas in the heart. The walls of the left atrium are a bit thicker than the walls in the right atrium. The right atrium is the part of the heart where blood passes through to the lungs to receive oxygen. So obviously the right atrium is very low in oxygen, so it is very important for the blood to travel to the lungs! Blood that has been filled with oxygen returns to the left atrium, and then passes to the left ventricle, but what to do with this blood? The blood is pumped through a blood vessel called the atora, a very large blood vessel, to small blood vessels. The right ventricle also pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs because the right side of the heart has less oxygen. The four chambers of the heart are a need to the circulatory system and the human body!
The circulatory system is one of the main factors of why we function. It delivers blood to all the parts of our body, and even helps our breathing! But without the respiratory system breathing wouldn’t be possible! We need different parts of the body to even take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide! The next essay will tell you how breathing is even possible!
Respiratory System:
The respiratory system is a system with tubes, vocal cords and the lungs! Unlike the circulatory system, the respiratory system allows us to breathe, to talk, and even make noise! This paper will tell you all about how you can breathe and even talk!
The respiratory system’s main job is to get air inside the body, but in order to do that we need a mouth and nose. They breathe the air in and the air flows down the trachea or windpipe. The windpipe separates and goes to the lungs. The nose and mouth allow air to enter the body by breathing it in, but sometimes we breathe through one or another. The nose and the mouth always have two important tasks, the nose smells and breathes in air, and the mouth consumes food and breathes in air, but they both have very different amazing things about them. The nose has tiny hairs called cilia, which filter the air and get rid of any dust or particles. The air is also humidified and warmed in the nose and then the air goes down the trachea. But air can also be taken in through the mouth and follows the same path into the lungs. But the nasal passage is also very important. The nasal passage is a mucous membrane that keeps your nose moist. This helps us not get nosebleeds because when you have a dry nose, your nose has the possibility to bleed. The nasal passage also include the cilia hairs which are very important because they protect the lungs from dust and particles. We sneeze to get the particles out of our nose! But the epiglottis is needed for swallowing the food the human body needs to get energy. But the epiglottis is a very important part of the body because it prevents food from going into the lungs! It flops over the trachea when you swallow food. Without an epiglottis we would cough or choke every time we ate! The epiglottis is made up of elastic cartilage tissue and is attached to the entrance of the larynx. The larynx sits on top of the epiglottis and produces vocal sounds. The larynx includes the voice box and vocal cords and it also makes sure that no food or particles goes down the trachea. It work with air from the lungs to make words or noises. The vocal cords are organs inside the body that allow speech. They are made of mucous membrane and stretch across the inside cavity of the larynx. There are essentially two vocal cords in the body, but nobody's vocal cords are the same. The are unique, like fingerprints. Women and children’s vocal cords are thinner and shorter so their voices are more high pitched. The voice box is a tubular shape made of cartilage and located between the pharynx and trachea. It is the uppermost part of the windpipe and is a two inch long tube that vibrates to make sounds. Next comes the trachea or windpipe, extends down to the base of the larynx. It is a wide, hollow tube with strong, tough, walls. The purpose of the trachea is to allow air into the lungs. Without the trachea, air wouldn’t be able to reach the lungs and the body would shut down because we wouldn’t be able to get rid of carbon dioxide and other dangerous chemicals that we breathed in! When a person inhales, the diaphragm tightens or contracts which increases the space in your lungs. When a person breathes in, air goes down the trachea until it reaches the lungs. When the air does reach the lungs, we breathe out waste like carbon dioxide. But the whole respiratory system needs it center. The lungs are the main part of the respiratory system! They get rid of waste in our body and there are two of them, but they are not like two nostrils. One lung is bigger than the other and they are protected by the rib cage. They contain elastic tissues that allow them to inflate and deflate without losing shape. They are also protected by the rib cage and are located in the chest but still leave space for the heart. The diaphragm also helps the lungs to inhale and exhale. But one of the tubes leading to the lungs is the bronchial tube. The trachea is the pipe air goes down when you breathe it in, but when air starts getting deeper into the trachea, it comes to a fork in the road. These are the bronchial tubes. One tube leads left to the left lung, and the other leads right into the right lung. The air then passes through smaller and smaller tubes leading to the alveoli. These smaller tubes are the bronchi. The bronchi or bronchus are the smaller tubes connected to the bronchial tubes. There are many bronchus attached to each other and they all lead to the bronchi oles, even smaller tubes. The bronchi oles do not contain cartilage because they are simply so small. They are the tiniest of the bronchi and bronchial tubes! Bronchi oles are part of the conducting zone which marks the beginning of the respiratory region. But there must be an end to the branches of the bronchial tree. The alveolus (plural for alveoli) are tiny air sacs that look like microscopic grapes. They are all clamped together and they are the most important transfer the human body does. They trade with the capillaries. The capillaries give them carbon dioxide, and the alveoli give them oxygen! This is a huge trade because the capillaries bring the oxygen all around to the places that need it and the alveoli send the carbon dioxide back to the lungs for them to breathe it out!
The respiratory system is a system that is needed for survival. Without it, we wouldn’t be able to breathe and we would die! In this system, there are amazing transfers, tubes, and most importantly, the lungs! Even though this is a powerful system, the digestive system allows us to eat and have energy.
Digestive System:
The digestive system is the system that allows us to eat, drink, and even get rid of waste that is in our body! It is also the reason some people have diabetes and other symptoms that limit their range of foods they can eat. We also make fluids that we don’t even know of! This paper will tell you how everything in the digestive system works, like the small intestine, but it will also talk about things that maybe you have never heard about!
The mouth is the first step for the digestive system. Food enters our mouth and we swallow it! It’s as simple as that, or is it? We actually have a process of mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion is when the teeth chew up food into tiny pieces and we swallow. This process is very important because we can choke if our food has chunks that are way to big, and it is very important to remember that this process starts in the mouth. Another huge part in the digestive system is chemical digestion. Chemical digestion is when food mixes with saliva to break it down into simpler nutrients that can be used by cells. Saliva also contains an enzyme that helps start break down the carbohydrates. This helps us have energy to keep the day going! But none of this would happen without a tongue! The tongue is a big group of muscles that can push all your food around! It pushes your food to the back teeth so they can grind it all up! It also helps you make sounds that have the letters “K” and “G”! The tongue is also very flexible! Try to stretch your tongue in all different directions and you will see how flexible your tongue really is! The tongue is a very helpful muscle and we wouldn’t be able to eat without it! Did you know that the food you swallow has a specific name? Well it does, it’s called a bolus. A bolus is all the food we eat compacted into a ball. It is not a big bit of food, it’s only a small one. This is only the second part of the digestive tract though.
The esophagus pushes food down to the stomach. It can expand and contract for the passage of food! It is connected to the pharynx and is about ten inches long! The esophagus also helps the process of peristalsis move the bolus or food down to the stomach. Peristalsis is the process of a wave moving food smoothly, down to the stomach. Peristalsis is not a body part, it is an involuntary muscle moving food down, and some organs contain muscles that allow movement in this process. But what comes down must come up! Reverse peristalsis is the process of a poison in your body, escaping, otherwise known as throwing up! There could be chemicals in food or liquid and the body knows that they need to get right of it right away! This is a pro about the human body, it can take care of itself.
The stomach is a very important organ in the digestive system! It is located on the upper left part of your belly and no acid can go and burn through it! And did you know, that when you blush, the inside of your stomach turns red, and the reason you burp is because when there is lots of air in your stomach, the easiest way to get rid of it is to burp! It also churns food to boosts the digestion and is attached to the pyloric sphincter which is ab tube leading to the small intestine. The glands in the stomach create stomach acid and enzymes that break down protein. The blood also delivers nutrients to all the different parts of the body! But chyme is also a very important substance. Chyme is a substance in the stomach before being forced into the pyloric sphincter. Chyme is the result of bolus after chemical and mechanical digestion. While chyme passes through the pyloric sphincter, it extracts nutrients.
Finally, the chyme goes into the small intestine. The small intestine is approximately a 20 feet long but is very thin, and it is folded and curled in a small area called the abdominal cavity, which is a sheet of muscle. The small intestines purpose is to absorb nutrients and food into the body and the waste just keeps going through. Inside the small intestine there are finger like structures called villi. Villi work together to absorb food that has already has been broken down. There are the main parts of the small intestine, the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. About nine liters of fluid enter the duodenum each day, and most chemical digestion takes place here! The other two parts of the small intestine absorb food molecules in the way of the villi. The villi create a larger surface for absorption and are connected to blood vessels so blood has a easy source of nutrients. A larger surface helps nutrients absorb quicker, and since the food has already been broken down, (thanks to chemical and mechanical digestion) the food can immediately go to the blood stream. Villi help the large intestine by allowing nutrients pass through speedily, but what else does it do? When chyme is squirted down to the small intestine, the body starts to absorb nutrients, the villi or micro villi absorb the nutrients, and then shoot it into the bloodstream. This is why blood vessels and villi are next to each other, so the bloodstream can have easy access to nutrients.
The next part in the digestive system is the pancreas. The pancreas is in our abdomen and is a flattened gland. It produces enzymes to further break down the food in the stomach. This part of the body is vital for survival because without it, our blood sugar rate would be out of control. This is why we get diabetes, if we don’t get enough insulin, a hormone the pancreas produces, we need to eat less sugar. The pancreas enzymes also helps break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and nearly eight cups of it enter the duodenum each day, but if the pancreas does not produce enough enzyme, doctors can prescribe pancreatic enzyme products. It also neutralizes stomach acid and without it, we would have poor absorption!
Another digestive fluid in the digestive system is bile. Bile is a green fluid that consists of cholesterol, acids, bilirubin (which is a broken down red blood cell), water, body salts, and copper. This fluid breaks down fats and makes it into acid which can be taken in by the digestive tract. It helps digestion go through and is concealed in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. The gallbladder sits behind the liver and is a storage area for bile, as said earlier. It is also a flat gland that is only full of bile before consuming anything. After a meal, the gallbladder is flat like paper. The liver is the organ that produces bile and is connected to the gallbladder. It is connected by the biliary tract which leads to the duodenum. The liver is also helps control blood sugar between meals. The liver and the gallbladder are located in the upper right area of the abdomen and are definitely a huge part of the digestive system, and the body!
The large intestine is one of the last steps in digestion. It is approximately 1.5 meters long and is much thicker than the small intestine, but is shorter in length. It runs straight through the abdomen and is connected to the ileum of the small intestine. The large intestines main purpose is to absorb water and salt, and to get rid of waste found in food. Water is easy to absorb because it is small and the body has places where water can only go, but what does absorb water into the bloodstream? Well, when water enters the bloodstream, only 20% of the liquid you consumed is there! This is because most of it has already been absorbed, but the small intestine and large intestine both absorb this water and send it to the bloodstream. Although the small intestine absorbs the most water, this system still works.
The final part of the digestive system all comes down to the anus. The anus is a hole where all the waste left over from this whole process is abolished. This waste is called bowel movements, or poop. This is a very important time because if too much waste built up, we would die!
The digestive system is a very important system that allows us to eat and live a very healthy life, but there are some things that are very neat that no ones knows about this powerful system. Like, did you know that it takes a long time to digest fiber, or that the small intestine is actually longer, than the large intestine! Overall, this system is strong and is needed to not go hungry!
Nervous System:
The nervous system is the system that controls your thoughts, movements, and even memories! This system includes the brain and spinal cord, which both are controls centers for messages from different parts of the body! And there are also some other things that maybe you had no idea existed! In this paper, you will learn all about how we send messages from all over the body to the brain, and maybe some other cool facts.
The brain is like the control center of our body. Our memories and emotions are all from the brain! It even controls us when we are asleep. It also controls our muscles, both voluntary and involuntary, and did you know, that the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body! The brain looks like a big bumpy sponge, but is one of the most important parts of the body, but the brain has a team, fighting to make the body work properly! The parts of the brain are what we are going to talk about. The first and biggest part of the brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum takes up 85% of the brain! This is because the cerebrum controls all of the voluntary muscles. So without it, you can’t play outside or walk to school! You also need the cerebrum to think hard, like when you are reading a book. It also stores your memories, long term and short term. This is pretty much why it takes up most of the brain. You also need it to make decisions, like when to do your homework or were you want to go to the movies later! The cerebrum has two halves which are very important. Without each half, the brain would not function. While left side is said to help you with math, logic and speech, right side helps you with shapes, colors and music. The next part of the brain is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is located at the very back of the brain and is about 10% of the brain. Although it doesn’t take up much of the brain, it does use over 50% of the nerves in it! The cerebellums purpose is to coordinate movement and make sure it is not sloppy. The muscles would still work without them, but as I said, it would be much harder and sloppier. The cerebellum sort of takes orders from the cerebrum, because the cerebrum orders movement, but it still helping the body in it’s own way! The final part of the brain is the medulla. The medulla is connected to the spinal cord, and controls many reflexes. It also controls the lungs and the heart! The medulla takes up only 5% of the brain's volume, but it sure is needed to survive! It is located at the very bottom of the brain, (by the spinal cord) and is a little bit longer than 3 inches. The medulla looks like a tube, so it is very easy for it and the spinal cord to connect! The brain is the control center of our body, but it has little workers in it and through out all the body, helping us with everything from feeling to tasting. These workers, are called nerves.
The nerves carry signals to the brain, and the body. They are made up of groups of axons that are wrapped in a tissue called the endometrium. Individual groups of axons are wrapped in a connective tissue called the perineum. The perineum helps speed up the process of nerves communicating with the body. The nerves in your body travel between three things, the brain, the spinal cord, and the rest of your body. But there are different types of nerves doing different types of communicating around the body. The first type of nerve is called a sensory nerve. Sensory nerves carry messages to the brain telling it what is happening in the world. For example, when you eat something, sensory nerves from the tongue say if the food is delicious, or not. There are also sensory nerves in your nose, skin, eyes and ears! So the five senses are obviously controlled by sensory nerves. The other type of nerves are motor nerves. Motor nerves help control the muscles in the body. If you want to lift your left arm, motor nerves carry messages to the brain saying to lift the left arm. The brain can also send messages over to motor nerves. The brain can send signals to the motor nerves saying to contract or expand some parts of the body, and the motor nerves will tell the muscles. These muscles are definitely needed to create any type of movement that the body needs to move! But these nerves need a passageway, or a bridge to communicate with all the body. The spinal cord is a long tube that is like a road for messages to pass through. It also controls reflexes, like the knee jerk reflex. The spinal cord might seem like only one big bone, but it made up of 26 individual bones! And all those bones, are protected by the vertebrae. The vertebrae is separated from the spinal cord by cartilage to make sure they don’t rub together. The vertebrae also allows more flexibility in the spine. The next part in the nervous system is the neurons. Neurons are like stretched out fingers. They are attached to each other and they can be up to three feet long, but some can be super small. A neuron is a little electric pulse that has a path leading to the spinal cord. It is activated when heat, coldness, something touching the skin, or sound vibrations are near and the spinal cord reacts to it. They are sort of like a game of telephone, where they repeat the messages to each other to get it to some specific place. They are very thin things but help the body in a huge way, but there are little things that join the neurons together. These connectors are called synapses. Synapses allow neurons to pass the messages that they carry to each other, sort of like how a tunnel allows us to pass through without falling into a hole! There are two types of synapses through, chemical and electrical. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to transmit signals. Neurotransmitters are found all over the body, especially the brain. They allow the nervous system to connect with the rest of the systems. Electrical synapses form links between the neurons and helps send messages through the body. The next part of the nervous system are dendrites. Dendrites are gathering and sending messages constantly under the time of a second, and after each message has been received and passed on to the next neuron, it resets so each message can be taken in properly! Dendrites are basically grouped together neurons that receive messages, but some things can interfere with these messages. These things are alcohol and even some medication. With these things the signals of what to do is delayed, which can be very dangerous. Axons are sort of the opposite of dendrites though. They are what nerves and are made up of. Each individual is wrapped in a tissue called endometrium and they can be up to one meter long! They also transmit information to glands in the body. Neurons are a very important part of the nervous system, for they send information, and messages! But you need the five senses to even get any of these messages!
The five senses allow us to do simple, and hard tasks in life, like eating an apple or reading a book! The five senses are the sense of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. If one sense is damaged, the other senses will take over and become stronger. We need the five senses to picture things around us, and to get messages to the brain and spinal cord! The first sense is the sense of taste. Taste allows us to feel the delicious flavors in our food! It tells us what is edible and what is not, and the sense depends on certain molecules in food to generate a signal to send to the brain to tell what type of food it is. This helps us react to the food and see if we like it or not, but we need taste buds to actually taste what we are eating. Our taste buds can only taste sweet, sour, savory, saltiness, and a meaty taste. Things that don’t have these flavors, we can’t taste, but we need the sense of touch to actually pick up the food. The sense of touch allows us to feel things and to do simple everyday tasks! Without the sense of touch, we wouldn’t be able to feel where the living room couch is, or even where the remote for the T.V is! You can also feel things from all over your body while the other senses are only in specific areas. The nerve endings in the skin can feel if something is hot, cold, or if something is hurting you. Nerve endings are very important because without them, you could be getting hurt all the time and not even notice it! Some parts of your body are way more sensitive than the others because they have more nerve endings, like the tongue and your fingertips. One of the least sensitive areas is the back. The sense of sight helps us see what we are feeling though. The sense of sight is sort of like a movie. Your eyes make sure you can see the world around you. Damage can be done to the eye, which makes life very hard. Luckily if you're reading this paper you have your sense of sight. But when you look at an object, you're looking at beams of light bouncing off that object. The beams first pass through a protective layer of your eye called the cornea, and then through the black circle in your eye called the pupil. Then the iris changes the size of the pupil depending on how much light came through. If very little did, the pupil becomes bigger. If lots of light did, then it gets smaller. This protects your eyes from light damaging it, and it makes it so you can sort of see in the dark. The sense of sight is definitely an important sense but you don’t need it to survive. It makes life easier, but isn’t needed. The next sense is the sense of hearing. Hearing things helps us distinguish different things. Like when a car is coming or when your teacher is talking to you. The sound waves are picked up by the external ear, the pinna, and the auditory canal. Sadly, it can be damaged just like the sense of sight. Being deaf means that sound are not being picked up and you will have to communicate with sign language. You need to make sure that when you listen to music or watch T.V., that the volume isn’t too loud. Or else your sense of hearing might be damaged to! The last sense of the five senses is the sense of smell. This sense allows you to smell beautiful flowers in nature, and maybe even mom's delicious brownies that are fresh out of the oven. Your nose can smell over than 10,000 scents! These scents are all detected by a line of neurons in the nose! If this sense is damaged and can not work anymore, it doesn’t have such a big impact as not having sight or hearing does, but the sense of smell does still make life easier. The five senses are definitely needed for the whole nervous system to function! Without them, there wouldn’t even be messages going to the brain! That is why they are so vital to the whole body.
The nervous system allows the body to store memories, move our body, and even sense what is going on in the world around us! It contributes so much to all of the other systems and is simply amazing on it’s own. So when you think, just realize that the nervous system is controlling that thought, and is making you alert of everything around you! This system is definitely one of the most fierce, and is needed to survive.
Conclusion to the Human Body Research Paper:
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to insure our well- being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and carbon dioxide. Finally the digestive system converts food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and hope that you learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
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Zimmermann, By Kim Ann. "Respiratory System: Facts, Function and Diseases." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 11 Mar. 2016. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.
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