Did you know that our bodies create about a gallon of mucus in just two days! I do. In fact, I know a lot of other interesting information, and YOU WILL TOO if you read my paper! Within this document, you will find six different body system essays. These six essays focus on the muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems, which all work together to operate our body. All of these systems have different components, each with their own unique functions that help to keep us alive. However each system cannot operate alone - they need each other to be successful. For example, the nutrients gathered by the digestive system get distributed throughout the body in the circulatory system! Over the previous 12 weeks, we gathered information about each system, organized our thoughts, and paraphrase what trusted websites taught us about each system. We worked with responsibility partners and our papers definitely benefited from the collaboration. Just like each human body system needs to rely on the other systems, we relied on each other to improve our writing and our process. The following is the result of our hard work...Skeletal System:
Our skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. These bones work together to provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us move so we can walk around, and protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our circulatory system! Without our bones, we would be nothing more than a pile of skin, organs, and muscles on the floor. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe!
Our bones are made up of many layers. These layers are important because we need our bones to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside layer of bone is made up of solid compact bone that makes our body strong and dense. The next layer of bone is called cancellous (a.k.a. spongy bone). This layer allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally, our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called periosteum which is where our muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight!
Although bones are extremely important, but...
we wouldn’t be to move without joints! Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our bodies, but we’ll just focus on four of them. The first type of joint is called a hinge joint. Just like the hinges on a door, they allow movement back and forth. We have hinge joints at our elbows and knees, and we even have them in our knuckles! Another type of joint is called a ball and socket joint. This is where one bone has a ball at the end of it and the other bone has a “baseball mit” for the ball to sit in. Our shoulders and hips are examples of ball and socket joints. The third type of joint that we studied was called a gliding joint. Gliding joints are places where two or more bones meet and slide past each other. Our wrists and ankles are two examples of gliding joints. The last type of joint is called the pivot joint. A pivot joint works when one bone acts like a ring and the other bone sits inside the ring and rotates. Our neck is an example of a pivot joint because it can rotate around and move up and down. At each joint a soft squishy material can be found between bones which keeps them from rubbing each other which would be painful. This material would be called cartilage. Cartilage, which is bendable, can also be found in our ears and nose. But all of this wouldn’t be possible if it weren’t for ligaments holding all of our bones together at each joint. Ligaments are long, stretchy tissue that connect bone to other bone and stabilize joints. Without these ligaments in place bones wouldn’t stay attached to each other and wouldn’t allow joints to move. It’s interesting to note that people who are double-jointed actually just extremely stretchy ligaments! Joints definitely make movement possible and without them, we’d have a hard time getting around our world.
Bones definitely are important parts of the human body. They allow us to move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells! Because bones are designed so well, they are strong but lightweight. Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend throughout our world.
Our Muscular System has over 600 muscles in our body, they can do everything from pumping blood throughout your body to helping you walk into town.
There are two types of categories of the muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body’s movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, whiles the triceps relax. When the triceps want to pull the arm down they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to move the bones they were supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle, there are different of involuntary muscle.
Unlike Voluntary muscles, Involuntary muscles do thing automatically without us knowing it. Involuntary muscles do the jobs like digesting food, pumping blood through veins, even breathing. But here’s the cool part about these muscles, they do all this without you needing to think about it. Involuntary muscles don't need the brain to send them messages. They know their job and they keep right on doing it!
The first type of involuntary muscle that were going to talk about today are cardiac muscles. Cardiac muscles’ job is to keep the blood stream flowing and the heart pumping. Cardiac muscles are made of hard tissue that is only found in the heart. So these cardiac muscles fit the definition of involuntary muscles, because they don’t need the brain to send them messages to do something.
The second type of involuntary muscle are called smooth muscles, (there are many more involuntary muscles but this is the last type that were going to talk about today.) Smooth muscles are located in the digestive system, and their job is to contract whatever muscle that the food is flowing through. So just like cardiac muscles, smooth don’t need the brain to send them any signals about what to do.
I hoped that you learned a lot in this system, let’s just do a quick review. So you have two types of muscles, involuntary and voluntary. Voluntary muscles need the brain to send the signals about what to do and hen to do it. Some examples of voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles and tendons. The second type of muscle, involuntary muscles, don’t need the brain to send them any signals about what to do. Some examples of these are cardiac and smooth muscles. Again I hoped liked and learned something from this system.
Did you know that you have a highway in your body with speeding cars rushing through it 24/7? It’s called your Circulatory System with blood streaming through veins, arteries, and capillaries.
Blood is one of the most important things in our body, we couldn’t live without it. Our organs wouldn’t get the oxygen and nutrients that it needs, we wouldn’t keep warm or cool, we couldn’t even fight off our own infections. Without blood we’d become weaker and weaker then finally die. There are two types of blood cells, the first type that were going to talk about is red blood cells. Red blood cells have the important job of transporting oxygen to your muscles. It starts when you inhale all the good oxygen, the red blood cells take that oxygen all the way to your heart, which pumps that oxygen to all your muscles. The second type of blood cell, White blood cells are part of your immune system and are basically like little warriors floating around in your body waiting to attack invaders. So once you get a scab of cut the white blood cells come rushing in and fight off the bacteria, same when you get sick. Don’t get me wrong, red blood cells and white blood cells make up a big part of our blood but plasma and platelets also play a big role. Platelets do this thing called blood clotting, which means when you get a cut all the platelets stick together to plug the hole. So White blood cells and Platelets work together in a team. The final component of blood that were going to talk about today is plasma, plasma helps carry blood substance through the body. So now you know about all the little cars in your body (blood), but now these cars need something to drive on, and that’s where blood vessels come in.
Blood vessels are like little highways that transport your blood everywhere, without blood vessels your blood would just sloshing all around your body. Did you know that your whole entire blood vessel system is 60,000 miles long, and would stretch 2 times around the world. There are many vessels apart of the system, the first one that we're going to talk about are Arteries. Arteries carry blood that already received oxygen from the lungs all the way to your organs. Arteries then become smaller and smaller until they are Capillaries, Capillaries take in the the oxygen and waste is released into the blood. It’s then Vein’s job to carry the blood back to the heart to complete the cycle. So now we are almost finished with the highway system, we have the car's (blood) and now the roads (blood vessels), but there’s one thing missing.
This component is the heart of the whole operation, literally, it is the heart. The heart’s main job is to pump blood filled with rich oxygen and food to every part of the body. The heart has four chambers in it, the first chamber is called the right Ventricle. The right Ventricle’s job is to pump blood that doesn’t have any oxygen in them to the lungs. The left Ventricle, the left Ventricle pumps oxygen filled with oxygen to the to every part of the body. The right atrium receives oxygen that doesn’t have any oxygen and sends it to the right ventricle. Finally the left atrium receives oxygen that has oxygen in it and sends that to the the left ventricle.
Before you would have read this paper, you and your friends would have probably spent hours wondering about the Circulatory system, well not anymore. So you're you're now an expert on the blood and how it pumps through the body. So now you know all about the little highway in your body, with blood streaming through your veins, being pumped the heart of the whole operation.
The respiratory is home to tissues and organs that allow you to breathe. Without this system we would not be able to live because we need air to survive. The main function of the respiratory system is to transport oxygen into the bloodstream.
The first step is that air has to enter into your body through your mouth and nose. The air enters through two holes in your nose, these are called nostrils. When you breathe in the air from your mouth or nose they wet and heat the air so that it won’t irritate the the lungs. Once the air goes into the nose or mouth it travels through the nasal passage and cavity. A nasal cavity is large space behind the nose where the air goes when it’s inhaled in. Each cavity is a continuation of a nostril. Next, the air then goes down the trachea (also known as the windpipe). But you only want air to go down your trachea, not food, so that’s where the epiglottis comes in. The epiglottis is like a trap door it opens only to air but then it closes for food. If you didn’t have a epiglottis you would choke every time you ate because the food would just go down you trachea. So say that food or drink just got down the trachea, you actually have a backup system, it’s called the larynx. Your larynx basically does the same job as the epiglottis, let air come in but not food or drink. But it does one more thing, you larynx is also known as the “voice box”. The voice box is where your voice is generated. The larynx also has your vocal chords in it, whenever their vibrated sound waves are being produced. The final step until the reach’s lungs is the trachea also know as your windpipe. The trachea is a long pipe that sends air down to the lungs, it ranges from 20-25mm in diameter and 10-16cm in length. The air has finally reached the lungs, If air didn’t move throughout the lungs you could die.
Air moves through your lungs in many different ways, it can range from your diaphragm expanding and contracting, to the air flowing through your bronchi, bronchial tube, and alveoli. Your lungs are located in your chest, they take up most of the space in there. You have two but the left lung is just a bit smaller than the right. You can feel your lungs, put your hands on your chest and breathe deeply, that’s the power of your lungs. But the diaphragm muscle is making the lungs relax and contract. So when you breathe in your diaphragm relaxes to allow air to come in and the lungs expand. But when you breathe out your diaphragm contracts and smaller pushing the air out of your lungs. Now the air is pumped into the bronchial tube, the bronchial tube is apart of a system of tubes that the air flows through in the lungs. The bronchial next branches into your bronchi, the bronchi is more narrow and longer than the bronchial tube. Finally the bronchi branches in the smallest kind called, bronchioles. Their diameter ranges from 1 millimeter wide! The bronchial then connects to your alveoli, the alveoli permit the exchange of gases. They are surrounded by a network of capillaries with blood rushing through them. There are approximately 3 million alveoli within an adult lung!
Believe it or not but all this flowing through lungs and your windpipe, happens in only milliseconds.
Your digestive system does many important jobs such as, turning food into energy, packaging the residue for waste disposal, and giving you the nutrients you need for a daily life.
The food starts its journey at the mouth where mechanical and chemical digestive go on. The teeth are apart of the mechanical digestive, they do the job of grinding, cutting, crushing, and basically pulverizing food. Your incisors or the front teeth do the first job of cutting the food. There are six upper and six lower incisors. They cut the food into smaller bits and push it back to the molars and premolars which help the tongue. Premolars are smaller than molars and are second step chewing and crushing the food. There are two premolars in each quadrant of the mouth, sitting in-between the molars and incisors. The third and final step for mechanical digestion are molars. Molars do the job of grinding the food into tiny little bits. There are two molars in each arch of the, your third molar being the wisdom teeth. Next the food enters into chemical digestion, where saliva moistens the food and to lubricate food as it passes through the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. There are three sets of saliva glands in your mouth. The tongue then takes the food, tastes it and molds it into a ball could a bolus. The bolus in a mass of food that has been chewed at the point of swallowing. The bolus then travels down your esophagus and to your stomach for digestion.
The esophagus is muscular tube that food and liquid is propelled down, not only by gravity but by a wave like motion called peristalsis. When you swallow food it doesn’t just drop down to your stomach, wave like motions carry it down, this is the process of peristalsis or peristaltic waves. These waves contract behind the bolus propelling it toward the stomach. Reverse peristalsis on the other hand is when your stomach senses that the food has something bad in it, the waves propel the food up and that’s when you throw up.
The food bolus has now entered the stomach. The stomach is like mixer, churning all the little balls of food into smaller and smaller pieces. The stomach also has some help from digestive juices that break down the food even more. Digestive juices include saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juice. Once the bolus has been broken down by the stomach and digestive juices it becomes chyme. Chyme is a substance that is partially digested food and the other half of it is made of water.
The chyme has now entered the small intestine. the small intestine is 1 inch in diameter and when it is unraveled it is 22 feet long! It is located in the interior of the stomach and takes up most of the abdominal cavity. It is coiled inside the stomach like a hose. millions of small like hair are inside the small intestine called villi, there job is to allow rapid absorption of the The small intestine absorbs all of the nutrients of the food, by the time the food has passed through 90% of nutrients is gone. But the food is still a liquid type substance.
The Pancreas is a large gland that is located in the interior of the stomach. It’s job is to send digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete the chemical digestion. Those digestive or pancreatic enzymes are a mixture of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, and protease. The other general job it does is putting different chemical messengers called hormones into your blood, which help with a wide variety of functions in your body.
The substance than makes it’s way over to the liver gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pouched shaped organ that stores bile produced from the liver. The liver does many important roles such as, produces a green fluid called bile, which breaks down fat, removes wastes and toxins from the body, and breaks down nutrients and stores some vitamins and minerals. Bile is a fluid that is made by the liver and it breaks down fats from the body.
Our journey is almost over when we reach the large intestine. The large intestine. is located in the very interior of your stomach. While the small intestine is skinny and long about 22ft long, the large intestine is very thick and short only about 5ft long. The large intestine has very important job to do, it has extract or take away mostly all the water from the food.
This is the last step of the digestion process, the anus. The anus lets you release the food that has been digested already from your stomach.
So now you know about all the involuntary muscles that go on inside your body when you're not even thinking about it. This system is very powerful! It breaks down the food you eat, it disposes of waste left in your body, and it even gives you the nutrients that you need to survive! Now if your friends ever wonder how you digest food you can be the expert on that topic, and impress everyone.
Later in this paper you learned that you have a entire highway in your body, but did you also know that you are also just one big computer! You have axons, dendrites, and motor, and sensory nerves, all coiled together with electrical currents flowing through them 24/7. Your nervous system controls everything from taking just one step, or breathing and thinking. So here’s how the nervous system works, say that your jumping rope. The rope is coming over your head and eyes see the rope. You eyes then send a signal to your brain telling it to jump. Your brain then sends a signal all the way down your feet, and then jump over the rope (hopefully.) This may sound like it takes a really long time, believe it or not but this is all happening in only milliseconds.
The brain is the control center of the whole nervous system, it determines what you do and when you do it, even when you're asleep! The brain might just look like a wrinkle gray sponge but let me tell you it is much more than that. Your brain is a complex collection of cells and nerves that is transmitting signals back and forth to other body parts every day! The brain is structured into many parts, the first part that we're going to talk about is called the cerebrum. The cerebrum is the biggest part of the brain and it makes up 85% of the brain’s weight. But it is easy to see why because the cerebrum controls all your thoughts, the voluntary muscles. So without the cerebrum you couldn’t think on a math question or think to kick the ball. The next main part in your brain is called the cerebellum. The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and on ⅛ the size of the cerebrum, but it still is very important. It’s job is to control your balance, movement, and coordination (how your muscles work together). Without the cerebellum you couldn’t walk through the park or even walk at all. But the last part of the brain that were going to talk about is called the medulla or brain stem, some people would say that this the most important part of the brain! The medulla is located just under cerebrum and runs down the spinal cord, and it is the It controls the most important thing in life, like breathing, digesting food, and circulating blood. So without the medulla you would basically die. So now hopefully you can see how important the brain is, but did you know that the brain works in a Team! Yep, that’s right Nerves and the brain team up together, let’s go learn about the nerves.
So the brain is the boss, but it can’t do it alone. It needs nerves, a lot of nerves actually. You have tons of nerves strung together throughout your body, but you have a long bundle of nerves inside your spinal column. These nerves send different electrical messages back and forth to different body parts. There are two kinds of nerves, the first ones are called sensory nerves. Sensory nerves tell you what’s going on around you in the world, by sending electrical signals up to the brain. So they send the signals about touch, taste, smell, hear, sight, etc… Motor nerves are the second type nerve, their job is send signals over to the muscles, telling them when to expand and contract. These nerves all join together to than create the spinal cord. The spinal cord is the main pathway sending messages to the brain, located in the spinal column. In men the spinal cord is 45 cm long and in women 43 cm long, and extends only down to the thoracic vertebrae.
Now you know about all the nerves in your body, but did you know that every nerve has neuron inside of it. So when you were born you had a lot of neurons, but they weren’t connected. As you get older and start doing more tasks and activities, messages are traveling from one neuron to another. Once you do that task over and over your neurons eventually make connections or pathways. So the neuron has three parts, the synapse, the dendrite, and the axon. There are many synapses in a nerve but only one in each neuron. Synapses are little gaps in between each neuron, separated them. Dendrites bring information to the cell body, have a rough surface, and there are usually more than one dendrite to the nerve. The last part of the neuron is called an axon. The axon takes information away from the cell body, has smooth Surface , , and there is generally only 1 axon per cell.
The five senses are very important to the nervous system, they are basically the reward from the nervous system. I think this way because you couldn’t and wouldn’t have the five senses if you didn’t have the nervous system. The first sense is touch, the sense of touch is when you can feel something. The sense of touch is spread out throughout the whole body, so you can feel something with any part of the body. The sense of touch is sorted out into four categories, they are: cold, heat, contact, and pain. The second type of sense is called the sense of taste, the sense taste is when you can taste something. You have the sense of taste from the taste buds on your tongue, I think that the nose might help out also because people say that like 65% of taste comes from smell. The sense of taste is sorted out into four categories, they are: salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. The third sense is called the sense of smell, the sense of smell is when you can smell something. The sense of smell comes from your nose, so you smell stuff with your nose. The sense of smell is sorted out into seven categories, they are: camphor, musk, flower, mint, ether, acrid, or putrid. Did you know, that dogs have a way better sense of smell than humans! The third sense is called the sense of hear, the sense of hear is when you can hear something. The sense of hear comes from your ears, so you hear stuff from your ears. You can’t really sort the sense of hear into categories because there are SO many languages, pitches, volumes, and tones in the world. The fourth sense is called the sense of sight, the sense of sight is when you can see something. The sense of sight is sort of sorted into two categories, they are: cones and rods. Cones allow you to see colors and rods allow you to see better at night.
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to ensure our well-being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and ab\and carbon dioxide. Finally, the digestive system converts food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and hope that you learned something valuable. So, the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
Bones definitely are important parts of the human body. They allow us to move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells! Because bones are designed so well, they are strong but lightweight. Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend throughout our world.
Our Muscular System has over 600 muscles in our body, they can do everything from pumping blood throughout your body to helping you walk into town.
There are two types of categories of the muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body’s movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, whiles the triceps relax. When the triceps want to pull the arm down they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to move the bones they were supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle, there are different of involuntary muscle.
Unlike Voluntary muscles, Involuntary muscles do thing automatically without us knowing it. Involuntary muscles do the jobs like digesting food, pumping blood through veins, even breathing. But here’s the cool part about these muscles, they do all this without you needing to think about it. Involuntary muscles don't need the brain to send them messages. They know their job and they keep right on doing it!
The first type of involuntary muscle that were going to talk about today are cardiac muscles. Cardiac muscles’ job is to keep the blood stream flowing and the heart pumping. Cardiac muscles are made of hard tissue that is only found in the heart. So these cardiac muscles fit the definition of involuntary muscles, because they don’t need the brain to send them messages to do something.
The second type of involuntary muscle are called smooth muscles, (there are many more involuntary muscles but this is the last type that were going to talk about today.) Smooth muscles are located in the digestive system, and their job is to contract whatever muscle that the food is flowing through. So just like cardiac muscles, smooth don’t need the brain to send them any signals about what to do.
I hoped that you learned a lot in this system, let’s just do a quick review. So you have two types of muscles, involuntary and voluntary. Voluntary muscles need the brain to send the signals about what to do and hen to do it. Some examples of voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles and tendons. The second type of muscle, involuntary muscles, don’t need the brain to send them any signals about what to do. Some examples of these are cardiac and smooth muscles. Again I hoped liked and learned something from this system.
Did you know that you have a highway in your body with speeding cars rushing through it 24/7? It’s called your Circulatory System with blood streaming through veins, arteries, and capillaries.
Blood is one of the most important things in our body, we couldn’t live without it. Our organs wouldn’t get the oxygen and nutrients that it needs, we wouldn’t keep warm or cool, we couldn’t even fight off our own infections. Without blood we’d become weaker and weaker then finally die. There are two types of blood cells, the first type that were going to talk about is red blood cells. Red blood cells have the important job of transporting oxygen to your muscles. It starts when you inhale all the good oxygen, the red blood cells take that oxygen all the way to your heart, which pumps that oxygen to all your muscles. The second type of blood cell, White blood cells are part of your immune system and are basically like little warriors floating around in your body waiting to attack invaders. So once you get a scab of cut the white blood cells come rushing in and fight off the bacteria, same when you get sick. Don’t get me wrong, red blood cells and white blood cells make up a big part of our blood but plasma and platelets also play a big role. Platelets do this thing called blood clotting, which means when you get a cut all the platelets stick together to plug the hole. So White blood cells and Platelets work together in a team. The final component of blood that were going to talk about today is plasma, plasma helps carry blood substance through the body. So now you know about all the little cars in your body (blood), but now these cars need something to drive on, and that’s where blood vessels come in.
Blood vessels are like little highways that transport your blood everywhere, without blood vessels your blood would just sloshing all around your body. Did you know that your whole entire blood vessel system is 60,000 miles long, and would stretch 2 times around the world. There are many vessels apart of the system, the first one that we're going to talk about are Arteries. Arteries carry blood that already received oxygen from the lungs all the way to your organs. Arteries then become smaller and smaller until they are Capillaries, Capillaries take in the the oxygen and waste is released into the blood. It’s then Vein’s job to carry the blood back to the heart to complete the cycle. So now we are almost finished with the highway system, we have the car's (blood) and now the roads (blood vessels), but there’s one thing missing.
This component is the heart of the whole operation, literally, it is the heart. The heart’s main job is to pump blood filled with rich oxygen and food to every part of the body. The heart has four chambers in it, the first chamber is called the right Ventricle. The right Ventricle’s job is to pump blood that doesn’t have any oxygen in them to the lungs. The left Ventricle, the left Ventricle pumps oxygen filled with oxygen to the to every part of the body. The right atrium receives oxygen that doesn’t have any oxygen and sends it to the right ventricle. Finally the left atrium receives oxygen that has oxygen in it and sends that to the the left ventricle.
Before you would have read this paper, you and your friends would have probably spent hours wondering about the Circulatory system, well not anymore. So you're you're now an expert on the blood and how it pumps through the body. So now you know all about the little highway in your body, with blood streaming through your veins, being pumped the heart of the whole operation.
The respiratory is home to tissues and organs that allow you to breathe. Without this system we would not be able to live because we need air to survive. The main function of the respiratory system is to transport oxygen into the bloodstream.
The first step is that air has to enter into your body through your mouth and nose. The air enters through two holes in your nose, these are called nostrils. When you breathe in the air from your mouth or nose they wet and heat the air so that it won’t irritate the the lungs. Once the air goes into the nose or mouth it travels through the nasal passage and cavity. A nasal cavity is large space behind the nose where the air goes when it’s inhaled in. Each cavity is a continuation of a nostril. Next, the air then goes down the trachea (also known as the windpipe). But you only want air to go down your trachea, not food, so that’s where the epiglottis comes in. The epiglottis is like a trap door it opens only to air but then it closes for food. If you didn’t have a epiglottis you would choke every time you ate because the food would just go down you trachea. So say that food or drink just got down the trachea, you actually have a backup system, it’s called the larynx. Your larynx basically does the same job as the epiglottis, let air come in but not food or drink. But it does one more thing, you larynx is also known as the “voice box”. The voice box is where your voice is generated. The larynx also has your vocal chords in it, whenever their vibrated sound waves are being produced. The final step until the reach’s lungs is the trachea also know as your windpipe. The trachea is a long pipe that sends air down to the lungs, it ranges from 20-25mm in diameter and 10-16cm in length. The air has finally reached the lungs, If air didn’t move throughout the lungs you could die.
Air moves through your lungs in many different ways, it can range from your diaphragm expanding and contracting, to the air flowing through your bronchi, bronchial tube, and alveoli. Your lungs are located in your chest, they take up most of the space in there. You have two but the left lung is just a bit smaller than the right. You can feel your lungs, put your hands on your chest and breathe deeply, that’s the power of your lungs. But the diaphragm muscle is making the lungs relax and contract. So when you breathe in your diaphragm relaxes to allow air to come in and the lungs expand. But when you breathe out your diaphragm contracts and smaller pushing the air out of your lungs. Now the air is pumped into the bronchial tube, the bronchial tube is apart of a system of tubes that the air flows through in the lungs. The bronchial next branches into your bronchi, the bronchi is more narrow and longer than the bronchial tube. Finally the bronchi branches in the smallest kind called, bronchioles. Their diameter ranges from 1 millimeter wide! The bronchial then connects to your alveoli, the alveoli permit the exchange of gases. They are surrounded by a network of capillaries with blood rushing through them. There are approximately 3 million alveoli within an adult lung!
Believe it or not but all this flowing through lungs and your windpipe, happens in only milliseconds.
Your digestive system does many important jobs such as, turning food into energy, packaging the residue for waste disposal, and giving you the nutrients you need for a daily life.
The food starts its journey at the mouth where mechanical and chemical digestive go on. The teeth are apart of the mechanical digestive, they do the job of grinding, cutting, crushing, and basically pulverizing food. Your incisors or the front teeth do the first job of cutting the food. There are six upper and six lower incisors. They cut the food into smaller bits and push it back to the molars and premolars which help the tongue. Premolars are smaller than molars and are second step chewing and crushing the food. There are two premolars in each quadrant of the mouth, sitting in-between the molars and incisors. The third and final step for mechanical digestion are molars. Molars do the job of grinding the food into tiny little bits. There are two molars in each arch of the, your third molar being the wisdom teeth. Next the food enters into chemical digestion, where saliva moistens the food and to lubricate food as it passes through the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. There are three sets of saliva glands in your mouth. The tongue then takes the food, tastes it and molds it into a ball could a bolus. The bolus in a mass of food that has been chewed at the point of swallowing. The bolus then travels down your esophagus and to your stomach for digestion.
The esophagus is muscular tube that food and liquid is propelled down, not only by gravity but by a wave like motion called peristalsis. When you swallow food it doesn’t just drop down to your stomach, wave like motions carry it down, this is the process of peristalsis or peristaltic waves. These waves contract behind the bolus propelling it toward the stomach. Reverse peristalsis on the other hand is when your stomach senses that the food has something bad in it, the waves propel the food up and that’s when you throw up.
The food bolus has now entered the stomach. The stomach is like mixer, churning all the little balls of food into smaller and smaller pieces. The stomach also has some help from digestive juices that break down the food even more. Digestive juices include saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juice. Once the bolus has been broken down by the stomach and digestive juices it becomes chyme. Chyme is a substance that is partially digested food and the other half of it is made of water.
The chyme has now entered the small intestine. the small intestine is 1 inch in diameter and when it is unraveled it is 22 feet long! It is located in the interior of the stomach and takes up most of the abdominal cavity. It is coiled inside the stomach like a hose. millions of small like hair are inside the small intestine called villi, there job is to allow rapid absorption of the The small intestine absorbs all of the nutrients of the food, by the time the food has passed through 90% of nutrients is gone. But the food is still a liquid type substance.
The Pancreas is a large gland that is located in the interior of the stomach. It’s job is to send digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete the chemical digestion. Those digestive or pancreatic enzymes are a mixture of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, and protease. The other general job it does is putting different chemical messengers called hormones into your blood, which help with a wide variety of functions in your body.
The substance than makes it’s way over to the liver gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pouched shaped organ that stores bile produced from the liver. The liver does many important roles such as, produces a green fluid called bile, which breaks down fat, removes wastes and toxins from the body, and breaks down nutrients and stores some vitamins and minerals. Bile is a fluid that is made by the liver and it breaks down fats from the body.
Our journey is almost over when we reach the large intestine. The large intestine. is located in the very interior of your stomach. While the small intestine is skinny and long about 22ft long, the large intestine is very thick and short only about 5ft long. The large intestine has very important job to do, it has extract or take away mostly all the water from the food.
This is the last step of the digestion process, the anus. The anus lets you release the food that has been digested already from your stomach.
So now you know about all the involuntary muscles that go on inside your body when you're not even thinking about it. This system is very powerful! It breaks down the food you eat, it disposes of waste left in your body, and it even gives you the nutrients that you need to survive! Now if your friends ever wonder how you digest food you can be the expert on that topic, and impress everyone.
Later in this paper you learned that you have a entire highway in your body, but did you also know that you are also just one big computer! You have axons, dendrites, and motor, and sensory nerves, all coiled together with electrical currents flowing through them 24/7. Your nervous system controls everything from taking just one step, or breathing and thinking. So here’s how the nervous system works, say that your jumping rope. The rope is coming over your head and eyes see the rope. You eyes then send a signal to your brain telling it to jump. Your brain then sends a signal all the way down your feet, and then jump over the rope (hopefully.) This may sound like it takes a really long time, believe it or not but this is all happening in only milliseconds.
The brain is the control center of the whole nervous system, it determines what you do and when you do it, even when you're asleep! The brain might just look like a wrinkle gray sponge but let me tell you it is much more than that. Your brain is a complex collection of cells and nerves that is transmitting signals back and forth to other body parts every day! The brain is structured into many parts, the first part that we're going to talk about is called the cerebrum. The cerebrum is the biggest part of the brain and it makes up 85% of the brain’s weight. But it is easy to see why because the cerebrum controls all your thoughts, the voluntary muscles. So without the cerebrum you couldn’t think on a math question or think to kick the ball. The next main part in your brain is called the cerebellum. The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and on ⅛ the size of the cerebrum, but it still is very important. It’s job is to control your balance, movement, and coordination (how your muscles work together). Without the cerebellum you couldn’t walk through the park or even walk at all. But the last part of the brain that were going to talk about is called the medulla or brain stem, some people would say that this the most important part of the brain! The medulla is located just under cerebrum and runs down the spinal cord, and it is the It controls the most important thing in life, like breathing, digesting food, and circulating blood. So without the medulla you would basically die. So now hopefully you can see how important the brain is, but did you know that the brain works in a Team! Yep, that’s right Nerves and the brain team up together, let’s go learn about the nerves.
So the brain is the boss, but it can’t do it alone. It needs nerves, a lot of nerves actually. You have tons of nerves strung together throughout your body, but you have a long bundle of nerves inside your spinal column. These nerves send different electrical messages back and forth to different body parts. There are two kinds of nerves, the first ones are called sensory nerves. Sensory nerves tell you what’s going on around you in the world, by sending electrical signals up to the brain. So they send the signals about touch, taste, smell, hear, sight, etc… Motor nerves are the second type nerve, their job is send signals over to the muscles, telling them when to expand and contract. These nerves all join together to than create the spinal cord. The spinal cord is the main pathway sending messages to the brain, located in the spinal column. In men the spinal cord is 45 cm long and in women 43 cm long, and extends only down to the thoracic vertebrae.
Now you know about all the nerves in your body, but did you know that every nerve has neuron inside of it. So when you were born you had a lot of neurons, but they weren’t connected. As you get older and start doing more tasks and activities, messages are traveling from one neuron to another. Once you do that task over and over your neurons eventually make connections or pathways. So the neuron has three parts, the synapse, the dendrite, and the axon. There are many synapses in a nerve but only one in each neuron. Synapses are little gaps in between each neuron, separated them. Dendrites bring information to the cell body, have a rough surface, and there are usually more than one dendrite to the nerve. The last part of the neuron is called an axon. The axon takes information away from the cell body, has smooth Surface , , and there is generally only 1 axon per cell.
The five senses are very important to the nervous system, they are basically the reward from the nervous system. I think this way because you couldn’t and wouldn’t have the five senses if you didn’t have the nervous system. The first sense is touch, the sense of touch is when you can feel something. The sense of touch is spread out throughout the whole body, so you can feel something with any part of the body. The sense of touch is sorted out into four categories, they are: cold, heat, contact, and pain. The second type of sense is called the sense of taste, the sense taste is when you can taste something. You have the sense of taste from the taste buds on your tongue, I think that the nose might help out also because people say that like 65% of taste comes from smell. The sense of taste is sorted out into four categories, they are: salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. The third sense is called the sense of smell, the sense of smell is when you can smell something. The sense of smell comes from your nose, so you smell stuff with your nose. The sense of smell is sorted out into seven categories, they are: camphor, musk, flower, mint, ether, acrid, or putrid. Did you know, that dogs have a way better sense of smell than humans! The third sense is called the sense of hear, the sense of hear is when you can hear something. The sense of hear comes from your ears, so you hear stuff from your ears. You can’t really sort the sense of hear into categories because there are SO many languages, pitches, volumes, and tones in the world. The fourth sense is called the sense of sight, the sense of sight is when you can see something. The sense of sight is sort of sorted into two categories, they are: cones and rods. Cones allow you to see colors and rods allow you to see better at night.
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to ensure our well-being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and ab\and carbon dioxide. Finally, the digestive system converts food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and hope that you learned something valuable. So, the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
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