Did you know that our bodies create about a gallon of mucus in just two days! I do. In fact, I know a lot of other interesting information about the human body, and YOU WILL TOO if you read my paper! Within this document, you will find six different body system essays including the muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive and the nervous system, which are all work together to operate our body. All of these systems have different systems have different components, each with their own unique functions that help keep us alive. However, each system cannot operate alone - they need each other to be successful. For example, the nutrients gathered by the digestive system get distributed throughout the body in the circulatory system. Over the previous 12 weeks, we gathered information, organized our thoughts, and paraphrased what trusted websites taught us about each system. We worked with responsibility partners and our papers definitely benefited from collaboration. Just like each human body system needs to rely on the other systems, we relied on each other to improve our writing and our process. The following is the result of our hard work…..
Skeletal System:
Our skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. These bones work together to provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so that we can walk around, protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our circulatory system! Without our bones, we would be nothing more than a pile of skin, organs, and muscles on the floor. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe!
Our bones are made up of many layers. These layers are important because we need our bones need to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside of the bone is made up of solid, compact bone that makes our bones strong and dense. The next layer of bone is called cancellous bone (AKA spongy bone). This layer allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of of bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally, our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called periosteum which is where our muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight.
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn't be able to move without joints! Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our bodies, but.....
Skeletal System:
Our skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. These bones work together to provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so that we can walk around, protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our circulatory system! Without our bones, we would be nothing more than a pile of skin, organs, and muscles on the floor. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe!
Our bones are made up of many layers. These layers are important because we need our bones need to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside of the bone is made up of solid, compact bone that makes our bones strong and dense. The next layer of bone is called cancellous bone (AKA spongy bone). This layer allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of of bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally, our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called periosteum which is where our muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight.
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn't be able to move without joints! Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our bodies, but.....
.....we will just focus on four of them. The first type of joint is called a hinge joint. Just like the hinges on a door, they allow movement back and forth. We have hinge joints at our elbows and knees, and we even have them in our knuckles! Another type of joints is called a ball and socket joint. This where one bone has ball at the end of it and the other bone has a “baseball mitt” for the ball to sit in. Our shoulders and hips are examples of ball and socket joints. The third type of joint that we studied is called a gliding joint. Gliding joints are places where two or more bones meet and slide past each other. Our wrists and ankles and are two examples of Gliding joints. The last type of joint is called the pivot joint. A pivot joint works when one bone acts like a ring and the other bone sits inside the the ring and rotates. Our neck is an example of a pivot joint because it rotates around and moves up and down. AT each joint a soft squishy material can be found between bones which keeps them from rubbing each other, which would be painful. This material is called cartilage. Cartilage, which is bendable, can also be found in our ears and nose. But all of this wouldn’t be possible if it weren’t for ligaments holding all of our bones together at each joint. Ligaments are stretched, long, tissue that connect bone to other bone and stabilize joints. Without these ligaments in place we wouldn’t stay attached to each other and wouldn’t allow joints to move. Its interesting to note that people who are double-jointed actually just have extremely stretchy ligaments! Joints definitely make movement possible and without them, we would have a hard time getting around our world!
Bones definitely are important parts of our human body. They allow us to move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells. Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move in our world. Finally the muscles in our body attach to bones, giving us the power to actually move around!
Muscular System
The Muscular system helps the human body move around and have fun. Let’s say you want to move your arms around, eat a sandwich, or run you use muscles. There are many different types of muscles, and they all serve different types of muscles, and they all serve different purposes (e.g. movement, pumping blood, dilating your pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us, while others are controlled automatically by the muscle cell or the brain.
There are two types of categories of muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscle that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body's movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscle that are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones which cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they always pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps which are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down, they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to move the bones that they were supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscles, there are two different types of involuntary muscle!
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles do things automatically without us knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscles. They are cardiac muscles and smooth muscles. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically, by themselves. Cardiac muscles are muscles that are found only in our heart, and are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about them, and they contract and relax throughout our entire lives. Smooth Muscles are found inside many of our organs like the intestines, esophagus, stomach and bladder and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your eyes, and your blood vessels. Smooth muscles may look like one big cell, but are actually a bunch smaller, smooth cells all grouped together (unlike the striated, skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles in our body that do things we had no idea about. Including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular system is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half of our body weight and give our body tone and shape. In the next essay, learn how some of these muscles move blood throughout our body in order to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
The circulatory system is a very important part of our body and enables our body to get what it needs by delivering blood and the oxygen and nutrients inside of blood. Although the muscular system and skeletal system are very important, they wouldn’t work without the circulatory system. The circulatory system gets the nutrients and other materials from the blood. The blood is composed of white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and plasma.
Each one of these materials has a specific job that they do around the body. White blood cells are also known as leukocytes, which are probably the most important part of the body’s defense against harmful substances. If the white blood cells need to help somewhere in the body, they need a signal from the brain to go help fight off whatever has infected the body. There are also red blood cells, which can be called erythrocyte, their purpose is to carry oxygen throughout the body. To get the oxygen to all of the places that need it, the oxygen goes around in a circle. This circle starts at the lungs and picks up the oxygen that we breathe in, then they go to the heart to pump it around the body to all the spots that need it. The third material in the blood is called platelets. So when you get a cut the platelets come to the cut and plug the cut up. Eventually the cut will dry out and scab over. Then the new skin will get pushed up and the scab will fall off! There is also a disease where you don’t have any platelets and its called hemophilia. If you get a cut you keep bleeding, and you have to take medicine for it to stop. Nutrients are chemicals that your body gets from the food you eat and your body needs these to grow and do other extremely important tasks. Hormones are things that tell our body to do certain jobs around the body like grow. There is also protein that flows in the plasma, which is essential because it helps our platelets clot the cuts we get. So the plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells all are inside of blood and are essential for survival.
After the heart pumps the blood, it needs to go to all of the places that the body needs it. The blood gets there by going through the veins and arteries which carry the blood where it needs to go. The arteries are strong, flexible and resilient. The arteries carry the blood away from the heart. When the heart relaxes the arteries narrow. All arteries branch off into smaller and smaller vessels then becoming arterioles. Another part of blood vessels are veins. Blood flows into the capillaries then into very small veins called venules. Veins have much smaller walls than arteries because there isn’t as much pressure on the veins compared to arteries. Veins can widen or dilate when they have more liquid in them. Some veins mainly in the legs have valves in them, so that the blood can’t go backward. If these valves leak, the veins can stretch which is not good for them. Capillaries are also stored in blood vessels. Capillaries are very thin walled structures that act as bridges between arteries that carry the blood away from the heart. The veins also use the bridge and they take the blood to the heart. The thin walls of capillaries allow oxygen and nutrients from the blood to get to the tissue. Blood vessels are so important because they include arteries, veins and capillaries.
The human heart is a organ that functions the body’s circulatory system while it does many other jobs. While the heart supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues it also removes carbon dioxide and many other harmful wastes. The heart includes the four chambers that are enclosed by thick, strong, and sturdy walls. The lower two chambers are the left and right ventricle. The ventricles send blood away from the heart. The ventricles need to have thicker walls because of all the force it takes to send the blood to the body. The wall that divides the two chambers is called the inter-ventricular septum. The upper chambers are the atria or the atrium. The atria receive the blood coming back to the heart. The main importance of the left atrium is to hold blood returning from the lungs and to act as a pump to pump blood to the other areas of the heart. The left atrium is also responsible for collecting the oxygenated blood that runs back to the heart from the pulmonary veins. The left ventricle is right next to the left atrium and they are separated by a wall called the mitral valve. When the heart contracts the blood will eventually flow back into the left atrium then through the mitral valve and then enters the left ventricle. The right atrium is another one of the four chambers, and the blood enters the two atrium's and exits through the two ventricles. The deoxygenated blood enters through the right atrium between the inferior and superior vena cava. Then the right side pumps the deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary veins around the lungs, and then the blood moves to the other side of the heart. The right ventricle’s job is to pump the oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. The right ventricle receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood to the main pulmonary artery. From there the blood extends to the left and right pulmonary arteries which take it to the lungs. The heart and the four chambers all work together. First blood enters the right atrium and passes through the right ventricle then the right ventricle sends the blood to the lungs to become oxygenated. Then the oxygenated blood is brought back by the pulmonary veins into the heart, and it enters the left atrium. From there the blood flows to the left ventricle. Then the left ventricle pumps the blood to the aorta which distributes the blood to the rest of the body. So there are three main parts to the circulatory system: blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Inside the blood there are white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Inside of blood vessels there are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Finally there are four parts to the heart (or four chambers): the left atrium, the left ventricle, the right atrium and the right ventricle.
The circulatory system is very helpful when we get a cut, and are hurt. The circulatory system works with all the blood and where it goes along with the blood vessels and even the four chambers in the heart. Of course the main part of the circulatory system is the HEART.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system is a series of tubes that all are helping us in some way whether we know it or not! All of these tubes have certain jobs that they do around the body. The respiratory system is a group of tissues and organs that allow us to breathe. The main function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to all the parts of the body.
There are many parts to the respiratory system that are essential for survival. The two ways air can enter the body are through the nose or the mouth. The nose has many different jobs that we don’t know about unlike just smelling and breathing. When you inhale through your nostrils the nose and mouth actually moistens the air coming in and filters the dust or dirt particles that can get stuck. After you inhale through your nose or mouth the air travels down to the nasal passage then it gets passed down to the lungs. Another part of the respiratory system is the epiglottis, which is just a small flap of tissue that keeps any liquid from getting into the lungs. The next part is the larynx which sits at the top of the trachea and has the vocal cords where it produces sound and the voice box where it echos to make the sound. The larynx also closes the trachea when you swallow so that no food can enter the lungs. The first section of this long pipe is the trachea, which is carrying air from the throat to the lungs. The trachea is not very long and ranges from about 10-16 cm. The trachea has tiny little hairs called cilia that catch particles of dust that you took in when you breathe. You can remove the particles when you cough. Then the air is off to the lungs!
In the lungs, the oxygen is absorbed and carried through the bloodstream. They also carry away carbon dioxide which is a “waste product” this is released through the exhalation. The lung on the left is slightly smaller than on the right because the space on the left is mainly for the heart. The lungs are controlled by the diaphragm when you inhale the lungs are pulled down by the diaphragm. Then when you breath out the lungs contract and the ribs go back into place. After the first part of the pipe (the trachea) after that comes the bronchial tube. The bronchial tube are in the lungs and these airways let air in and out of our body. The bronchial tube splits into many smaller and smaller tubes the first one being the bronchi. The bronchi is the main passageway in the both lungs. Irregular rings of cartilage surround the bronchi. They become smaller and smaller the closer they get to the lung tissue than they are considered bronchioles. The bronchioles is the smallest air-conducting passageway in the lungs they are less than one millimeter wide. There is no cartilage in the bronchioles because they are so small. The bronchioles splits into many different alveoli. The alveoli is a small sac that is surrounded by many thin blood vessels. The walls inside the alveoli are elastic which let them expand and contract when we breathe. The alveoli deliver oxygen throughout the circulatory system. The alveoli don’t just pass the oxygen around our body they also clean out some waste gas and clear them from our blood cells. When we want to breathe out the carbon dioxide the diaphragm moves up and pushes the air back out, which makes room for new oxygen to come into the body. All of these parts exchange gases, the carbon dioxide is a waste gas and is removed through the process of exhalation. The only things the lungs need is oxygen so they dispose everything else (breathe out).
In conclusion, the respiratory system is a long series of complex pipes that have many different parts that do many different jobs which all contribute to survival!
Digestive System:
The digestive system series of organs that are all trying to accomplish the same goal: to get the nutrients and vitamins out of the food we eat! It then gets rid of the unused material after it goes through the organs to the anus to be disposed.
Also known as the oral cavity, the mouth is a hollow cavity that allows air and food to enter the body. The mouth contains many functions that work together to chew and digest the food. Inside the mouth and one of the many functions in the mouth are the teeth. The mechanical digestion is when the teeth are physically breaking down food into simpler and smaller bits of nutrients. We have two rows of teeth, the incisors are the first front four teeth. Then the canine teeth they rip the food apart. The molars are behind the canine teeth, you have 12 molars three behind each canine tooth. In chemical digestion saliva plays a big part in helping digest the food. If the food is dry and crackly saliva makes sure that it gets soft and moist so that it slides down the back of your throat. This is good because then all the cells can take the nutrients to wherever it needs to go in the body. The tongue is another function in the mouth and is very flexible it can move in any direction, and is made of striated muscle. The tongue is also a big part in talking, and when you are chewing the tongue pushes the food around the mouth. The tongue forms little balls of food that are called the bolus. The bolus is the ball of food that are formed by the tongue which make it easier to swallow compared to jagged bits of food.
The next part of the digestive tract is the esophagus. The esophagus is a hollow tube where the food, saliva and liquids goes to the stomach. To get the food down the esophagus it uses peristalsis. Peristalsis is a wave-like massage that sends the food down to the stomach. Then in the stomach the food, saliva and liquid is mixed together to make chyme. Retro-peristalsis is the reverse of peristalsis so the massaging is going opposite of down but now it’s going back up and you know….. Vomiting. The food travels down the esophagus with the muscle contraction peristalsis then the food is in the stomach!
The stomach is a organ the partly digests the food coming from the esophagus. The stomach is very cool because is can expand while digesting food so that it can hold more food. The juices in your stomach that digest food are called the digestive juices. There are glands in the stomach that have enzymes in them that break protein and carbohydrates down. Chyme is partly digested food that is spread around the inside of the small intestine. After the chyme is spread around the small intestine the blood cells take the nutrients to all the spots the body needs it.
The small intestine absorbs nutrients and disposes it to the cells that need it. The food enters the small intestine as semi-solid sludge and the semi-solid sludge, bile, water, and mucus are combined it is quite watery when it reaches the large intestine. The small intestine is made up of three materials duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine takes up almost your whole midsection under your ribs it is almost 20 feet long. The villi line the small intestine and allow nutrients to be absorbed. The villi also help absorbing the digested nutrients. The small intestine has one main job and that’s to get the nutrients into the bloodstream. The small intestine is coated in the chyme and the chyme is taken to the spots where the body needs it most by the cells.
Tubes carry enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. The pancreas creates enzymes that help the body digest food. There are also Insulin and glucagon that control the amount of sugar the body eats. The pancreatic enzymes are the enzymes that the Pancreas makes to help the body digest the food we eat.
The gallbladder and liver are essential for survival, and you can live without a gallbladder but not the liver. Liver cells produce bile which flows through small tubes to many different ducts and they later drain into bile ducts. The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits in the upper right part of the abdomen right below the liver. The gallbladder stores the production of bile that the liver makes. The liver makes something called bile. The bile is a greenish-brown color. The bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Until it is needed to help digest the food we eat.
The large intestine is the last part of the gastrointestinal (Digestive) tract that absorbs the water and vitamins and converts food into nutrients and energy. The large intestine is shorter in length compared to the small intestine but it is much larger in width than the small intestine. Which is where it got its name. The large intestine continues the small intestine and continues up the abdomen and ends at the anus. Your body starts absorbing water right as it enters the mouth. When you swallow the food and water goes down the digestive tract. When you drink liquids when you eat it your body digests the food better because the water is also helping break down the food.
The anus is the opening at the far end of the digestive tract where the leftover food we don’t need exits the body. A muscular ring called the anal sphincter keeps the opening shut until we need to dispose the unused food!
Conclusion: The digestive system is like all the other systems, essential to survival. If the digestive system shuts down than, the body can not get rid of waste product that the body can’t use anymore. The digestive system converts all energy sources into simple materials so that the cells can take them to all the places that the body needs them!
Nervous System:
The nervous system is a collection of nerves and cords that send the bodies messages from the brain. the brain is the head of the nervous system and then it sends all of the messages from cell to cell to the spots the body needs it. The organs in the nervous system are responsible to communicate with the body.
The brain is one of the most complex organs in the human body it controls our body's movement and all of our senses this all starts at the brain! The brain is where we do all of our thinking and where we remember our feelings, emotions and worry about things. Inside the brain and what makes up most of the brain is the cerebrum it makes up 85% of the brain. The cerebrum is where we do our thinking it also control the voluntary muscles so we couldn’t move our arms and legs without the cerebrum. Your memory lives in your cerebrum you have your short term memory and your long term memory. The cerebellum controls some of the other voluntary muscles like balance and the use of muscles. The cerebellum send information up the spinal cord to the neighboring sections of the brain. The medulla helps transfer messages to the spinal cord and a part of the brain. It also regulates your breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. The brain is a very important organ in our body maybe even the most important organ. the three parts of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the medulla.
The nerves are like a highway, a very important highway. The nerves carry the signals to the spinal cord and the brain. The nerves are wrapped in tissue to protect the axons. Your brain is entirely surrounded in sensory neurons and if they were removed you wouldn’t be able to feel any pain. Neurons are specialized cell that transmits signals around the body. These sensory neurons make up most of the five senses you have. Another nerve is the motor nerves. Four main parts of the motor nerve are the dendrite, cell body, nucleus and axon. The motor nerves send messages to the brain and the spinal cord. The nerves run throughout the body, and one of these places is the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that run from the back of the brain to the bottom of the back. The nerves in the spinal cord control muscle movement. The spinal cord even helps you feel hot and cold temperatures, vibrations and sensations. The brain and spinal cord work as one, and the spinal cord is the link to the brain for the rest of the body. Another part of the nerves are the neurons. There are three kinds of neurons sensory neurons, motor neurons, and inter-neurons. The neurons send signals to other nerve cells. The synapses is at the end of each neuron after it reaches the end of the neuron it can’t go directly to the next neuron. It has to have another nerve send a neurotransmitter, it then goes across the gap. Then the nerve impulse becomes an electrical nerve impulse and it goes to the next cell. The synapses is also a meeting place for the axons and dendrites. They both come from small neurons to meet. A dendrite is a slender branched projection of a nerve cell. Each neuron usually possesses several dendrites. It is common to find the dendrites in your nerve cells. It is also sometimes called a cyto-dendrite. The axons connect with other nerve cells, and pass messages to the rest of the body. Electrical currents run through your body all day and night whether you know it or not.
The five senses are how we feel things, see things, hear things, taste things, and smell things. All the senses provide data that the brain uses in some way shape or form. The nervous system has a organ or a sensory system for each of the five senses. The sense of sight is from the eye, the eye is the organ of the sense of vision. The eye is a complex organ it has clear lenses that have the light focus on the retina another part of the eye. The organ that helps us smell is the nose. Different smells have different vapors they give off, and the smell receptors interact with the molecules. Then the sensation is transmitted to the brain. The ear is the organ for hearing. The ear is shaped with the curves so that the sounds go directly to your tympanic membrane, to be transmitted to the inner ear. The receptor for taste is your taste buds, they are sensory nerves. They detect the four main categories of food sweet, salty, bitter and sour. Generally the taste buds that detect sweet tastes are in the front of your tongue, and the taste buds that detect bitter are in the back. Supposedly on the sides you are tasting sour and salty flavors. At the base of each taste bud there is a nerve that sends the sensation or grossness to the brain. Touch is also a sensory system touch can be felt and wherever whenever. The nerves also help out here they distribute the sensation to the brain. Like if you were getting a massage your nerves wherever you were being touched would tell the brain “I like it I want more.” Touch is probably the most necessary senses out of the five senses, any movement requires touch. Plus unlike most sense like hearing and sight touch does not ever fail at old age.
So there you have it the Nervous system bundles of nerves, senses and of course the main part of the Nervous system the brain. If we had no nerves we wouldn’t feel anything or be able to tell our brain what to do either. Then without the brain well forget about it, we wouldn’t be able to do anything without it controlling us and our movements.
Conclusion to the Human Body Research Paper:
The human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to ensure being our well-being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular allows us to move, breath and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and carbon dioxide. Finally, the digestive system converts food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and hope that you learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
Bones definitely are important parts of our human body. They allow us to move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells. Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move in our world. Finally the muscles in our body attach to bones, giving us the power to actually move around!
Muscular System
The Muscular system helps the human body move around and have fun. Let’s say you want to move your arms around, eat a sandwich, or run you use muscles. There are many different types of muscles, and they all serve different types of muscles, and they all serve different purposes (e.g. movement, pumping blood, dilating your pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us, while others are controlled automatically by the muscle cell or the brain.
There are two types of categories of muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscle that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body's movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscle that are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones which cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they always pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps which are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down, they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to move the bones that they were supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscles, there are two different types of involuntary muscle!
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles do things automatically without us knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscles. They are cardiac muscles and smooth muscles. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically, by themselves. Cardiac muscles are muscles that are found only in our heart, and are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about them, and they contract and relax throughout our entire lives. Smooth Muscles are found inside many of our organs like the intestines, esophagus, stomach and bladder and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your eyes, and your blood vessels. Smooth muscles may look like one big cell, but are actually a bunch smaller, smooth cells all grouped together (unlike the striated, skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles in our body that do things we had no idea about. Including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular system is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half of our body weight and give our body tone and shape. In the next essay, learn how some of these muscles move blood throughout our body in order to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
The circulatory system is a very important part of our body and enables our body to get what it needs by delivering blood and the oxygen and nutrients inside of blood. Although the muscular system and skeletal system are very important, they wouldn’t work without the circulatory system. The circulatory system gets the nutrients and other materials from the blood. The blood is composed of white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and plasma.
Each one of these materials has a specific job that they do around the body. White blood cells are also known as leukocytes, which are probably the most important part of the body’s defense against harmful substances. If the white blood cells need to help somewhere in the body, they need a signal from the brain to go help fight off whatever has infected the body. There are also red blood cells, which can be called erythrocyte, their purpose is to carry oxygen throughout the body. To get the oxygen to all of the places that need it, the oxygen goes around in a circle. This circle starts at the lungs and picks up the oxygen that we breathe in, then they go to the heart to pump it around the body to all the spots that need it. The third material in the blood is called platelets. So when you get a cut the platelets come to the cut and plug the cut up. Eventually the cut will dry out and scab over. Then the new skin will get pushed up and the scab will fall off! There is also a disease where you don’t have any platelets and its called hemophilia. If you get a cut you keep bleeding, and you have to take medicine for it to stop. Nutrients are chemicals that your body gets from the food you eat and your body needs these to grow and do other extremely important tasks. Hormones are things that tell our body to do certain jobs around the body like grow. There is also protein that flows in the plasma, which is essential because it helps our platelets clot the cuts we get. So the plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells all are inside of blood and are essential for survival.
After the heart pumps the blood, it needs to go to all of the places that the body needs it. The blood gets there by going through the veins and arteries which carry the blood where it needs to go. The arteries are strong, flexible and resilient. The arteries carry the blood away from the heart. When the heart relaxes the arteries narrow. All arteries branch off into smaller and smaller vessels then becoming arterioles. Another part of blood vessels are veins. Blood flows into the capillaries then into very small veins called venules. Veins have much smaller walls than arteries because there isn’t as much pressure on the veins compared to arteries. Veins can widen or dilate when they have more liquid in them. Some veins mainly in the legs have valves in them, so that the blood can’t go backward. If these valves leak, the veins can stretch which is not good for them. Capillaries are also stored in blood vessels. Capillaries are very thin walled structures that act as bridges between arteries that carry the blood away from the heart. The veins also use the bridge and they take the blood to the heart. The thin walls of capillaries allow oxygen and nutrients from the blood to get to the tissue. Blood vessels are so important because they include arteries, veins and capillaries.
The human heart is a organ that functions the body’s circulatory system while it does many other jobs. While the heart supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues it also removes carbon dioxide and many other harmful wastes. The heart includes the four chambers that are enclosed by thick, strong, and sturdy walls. The lower two chambers are the left and right ventricle. The ventricles send blood away from the heart. The ventricles need to have thicker walls because of all the force it takes to send the blood to the body. The wall that divides the two chambers is called the inter-ventricular septum. The upper chambers are the atria or the atrium. The atria receive the blood coming back to the heart. The main importance of the left atrium is to hold blood returning from the lungs and to act as a pump to pump blood to the other areas of the heart. The left atrium is also responsible for collecting the oxygenated blood that runs back to the heart from the pulmonary veins. The left ventricle is right next to the left atrium and they are separated by a wall called the mitral valve. When the heart contracts the blood will eventually flow back into the left atrium then through the mitral valve and then enters the left ventricle. The right atrium is another one of the four chambers, and the blood enters the two atrium's and exits through the two ventricles. The deoxygenated blood enters through the right atrium between the inferior and superior vena cava. Then the right side pumps the deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary veins around the lungs, and then the blood moves to the other side of the heart. The right ventricle’s job is to pump the oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. The right ventricle receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood to the main pulmonary artery. From there the blood extends to the left and right pulmonary arteries which take it to the lungs. The heart and the four chambers all work together. First blood enters the right atrium and passes through the right ventricle then the right ventricle sends the blood to the lungs to become oxygenated. Then the oxygenated blood is brought back by the pulmonary veins into the heart, and it enters the left atrium. From there the blood flows to the left ventricle. Then the left ventricle pumps the blood to the aorta which distributes the blood to the rest of the body. So there are three main parts to the circulatory system: blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Inside the blood there are white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Inside of blood vessels there are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Finally there are four parts to the heart (or four chambers): the left atrium, the left ventricle, the right atrium and the right ventricle.
The circulatory system is very helpful when we get a cut, and are hurt. The circulatory system works with all the blood and where it goes along with the blood vessels and even the four chambers in the heart. Of course the main part of the circulatory system is the HEART.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system is a series of tubes that all are helping us in some way whether we know it or not! All of these tubes have certain jobs that they do around the body. The respiratory system is a group of tissues and organs that allow us to breathe. The main function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to all the parts of the body.
There are many parts to the respiratory system that are essential for survival. The two ways air can enter the body are through the nose or the mouth. The nose has many different jobs that we don’t know about unlike just smelling and breathing. When you inhale through your nostrils the nose and mouth actually moistens the air coming in and filters the dust or dirt particles that can get stuck. After you inhale through your nose or mouth the air travels down to the nasal passage then it gets passed down to the lungs. Another part of the respiratory system is the epiglottis, which is just a small flap of tissue that keeps any liquid from getting into the lungs. The next part is the larynx which sits at the top of the trachea and has the vocal cords where it produces sound and the voice box where it echos to make the sound. The larynx also closes the trachea when you swallow so that no food can enter the lungs. The first section of this long pipe is the trachea, which is carrying air from the throat to the lungs. The trachea is not very long and ranges from about 10-16 cm. The trachea has tiny little hairs called cilia that catch particles of dust that you took in when you breathe. You can remove the particles when you cough. Then the air is off to the lungs!
In the lungs, the oxygen is absorbed and carried through the bloodstream. They also carry away carbon dioxide which is a “waste product” this is released through the exhalation. The lung on the left is slightly smaller than on the right because the space on the left is mainly for the heart. The lungs are controlled by the diaphragm when you inhale the lungs are pulled down by the diaphragm. Then when you breath out the lungs contract and the ribs go back into place. After the first part of the pipe (the trachea) after that comes the bronchial tube. The bronchial tube are in the lungs and these airways let air in and out of our body. The bronchial tube splits into many smaller and smaller tubes the first one being the bronchi. The bronchi is the main passageway in the both lungs. Irregular rings of cartilage surround the bronchi. They become smaller and smaller the closer they get to the lung tissue than they are considered bronchioles. The bronchioles is the smallest air-conducting passageway in the lungs they are less than one millimeter wide. There is no cartilage in the bronchioles because they are so small. The bronchioles splits into many different alveoli. The alveoli is a small sac that is surrounded by many thin blood vessels. The walls inside the alveoli are elastic which let them expand and contract when we breathe. The alveoli deliver oxygen throughout the circulatory system. The alveoli don’t just pass the oxygen around our body they also clean out some waste gas and clear them from our blood cells. When we want to breathe out the carbon dioxide the diaphragm moves up and pushes the air back out, which makes room for new oxygen to come into the body. All of these parts exchange gases, the carbon dioxide is a waste gas and is removed through the process of exhalation. The only things the lungs need is oxygen so they dispose everything else (breathe out).
In conclusion, the respiratory system is a long series of complex pipes that have many different parts that do many different jobs which all contribute to survival!
Digestive System:
The digestive system series of organs that are all trying to accomplish the same goal: to get the nutrients and vitamins out of the food we eat! It then gets rid of the unused material after it goes through the organs to the anus to be disposed.
Also known as the oral cavity, the mouth is a hollow cavity that allows air and food to enter the body. The mouth contains many functions that work together to chew and digest the food. Inside the mouth and one of the many functions in the mouth are the teeth. The mechanical digestion is when the teeth are physically breaking down food into simpler and smaller bits of nutrients. We have two rows of teeth, the incisors are the first front four teeth. Then the canine teeth they rip the food apart. The molars are behind the canine teeth, you have 12 molars three behind each canine tooth. In chemical digestion saliva plays a big part in helping digest the food. If the food is dry and crackly saliva makes sure that it gets soft and moist so that it slides down the back of your throat. This is good because then all the cells can take the nutrients to wherever it needs to go in the body. The tongue is another function in the mouth and is very flexible it can move in any direction, and is made of striated muscle. The tongue is also a big part in talking, and when you are chewing the tongue pushes the food around the mouth. The tongue forms little balls of food that are called the bolus. The bolus is the ball of food that are formed by the tongue which make it easier to swallow compared to jagged bits of food.
The next part of the digestive tract is the esophagus. The esophagus is a hollow tube where the food, saliva and liquids goes to the stomach. To get the food down the esophagus it uses peristalsis. Peristalsis is a wave-like massage that sends the food down to the stomach. Then in the stomach the food, saliva and liquid is mixed together to make chyme. Retro-peristalsis is the reverse of peristalsis so the massaging is going opposite of down but now it’s going back up and you know….. Vomiting. The food travels down the esophagus with the muscle contraction peristalsis then the food is in the stomach!
The stomach is a organ the partly digests the food coming from the esophagus. The stomach is very cool because is can expand while digesting food so that it can hold more food. The juices in your stomach that digest food are called the digestive juices. There are glands in the stomach that have enzymes in them that break protein and carbohydrates down. Chyme is partly digested food that is spread around the inside of the small intestine. After the chyme is spread around the small intestine the blood cells take the nutrients to all the spots the body needs it.
The small intestine absorbs nutrients and disposes it to the cells that need it. The food enters the small intestine as semi-solid sludge and the semi-solid sludge, bile, water, and mucus are combined it is quite watery when it reaches the large intestine. The small intestine is made up of three materials duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine takes up almost your whole midsection under your ribs it is almost 20 feet long. The villi line the small intestine and allow nutrients to be absorbed. The villi also help absorbing the digested nutrients. The small intestine has one main job and that’s to get the nutrients into the bloodstream. The small intestine is coated in the chyme and the chyme is taken to the spots where the body needs it most by the cells.
Tubes carry enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine. The pancreas creates enzymes that help the body digest food. There are also Insulin and glucagon that control the amount of sugar the body eats. The pancreatic enzymes are the enzymes that the Pancreas makes to help the body digest the food we eat.
The gallbladder and liver are essential for survival, and you can live without a gallbladder but not the liver. Liver cells produce bile which flows through small tubes to many different ducts and they later drain into bile ducts. The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits in the upper right part of the abdomen right below the liver. The gallbladder stores the production of bile that the liver makes. The liver makes something called bile. The bile is a greenish-brown color. The bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Until it is needed to help digest the food we eat.
The large intestine is the last part of the gastrointestinal (Digestive) tract that absorbs the water and vitamins and converts food into nutrients and energy. The large intestine is shorter in length compared to the small intestine but it is much larger in width than the small intestine. Which is where it got its name. The large intestine continues the small intestine and continues up the abdomen and ends at the anus. Your body starts absorbing water right as it enters the mouth. When you swallow the food and water goes down the digestive tract. When you drink liquids when you eat it your body digests the food better because the water is also helping break down the food.
The anus is the opening at the far end of the digestive tract where the leftover food we don’t need exits the body. A muscular ring called the anal sphincter keeps the opening shut until we need to dispose the unused food!
Conclusion: The digestive system is like all the other systems, essential to survival. If the digestive system shuts down than, the body can not get rid of waste product that the body can’t use anymore. The digestive system converts all energy sources into simple materials so that the cells can take them to all the places that the body needs them!
Nervous System:
The nervous system is a collection of nerves and cords that send the bodies messages from the brain. the brain is the head of the nervous system and then it sends all of the messages from cell to cell to the spots the body needs it. The organs in the nervous system are responsible to communicate with the body.
The brain is one of the most complex organs in the human body it controls our body's movement and all of our senses this all starts at the brain! The brain is where we do all of our thinking and where we remember our feelings, emotions and worry about things. Inside the brain and what makes up most of the brain is the cerebrum it makes up 85% of the brain. The cerebrum is where we do our thinking it also control the voluntary muscles so we couldn’t move our arms and legs without the cerebrum. Your memory lives in your cerebrum you have your short term memory and your long term memory. The cerebellum controls some of the other voluntary muscles like balance and the use of muscles. The cerebellum send information up the spinal cord to the neighboring sections of the brain. The medulla helps transfer messages to the spinal cord and a part of the brain. It also regulates your breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. The brain is a very important organ in our body maybe even the most important organ. the three parts of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the medulla.
The nerves are like a highway, a very important highway. The nerves carry the signals to the spinal cord and the brain. The nerves are wrapped in tissue to protect the axons. Your brain is entirely surrounded in sensory neurons and if they were removed you wouldn’t be able to feel any pain. Neurons are specialized cell that transmits signals around the body. These sensory neurons make up most of the five senses you have. Another nerve is the motor nerves. Four main parts of the motor nerve are the dendrite, cell body, nucleus and axon. The motor nerves send messages to the brain and the spinal cord. The nerves run throughout the body, and one of these places is the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that run from the back of the brain to the bottom of the back. The nerves in the spinal cord control muscle movement. The spinal cord even helps you feel hot and cold temperatures, vibrations and sensations. The brain and spinal cord work as one, and the spinal cord is the link to the brain for the rest of the body. Another part of the nerves are the neurons. There are three kinds of neurons sensory neurons, motor neurons, and inter-neurons. The neurons send signals to other nerve cells. The synapses is at the end of each neuron after it reaches the end of the neuron it can’t go directly to the next neuron. It has to have another nerve send a neurotransmitter, it then goes across the gap. Then the nerve impulse becomes an electrical nerve impulse and it goes to the next cell. The synapses is also a meeting place for the axons and dendrites. They both come from small neurons to meet. A dendrite is a slender branched projection of a nerve cell. Each neuron usually possesses several dendrites. It is common to find the dendrites in your nerve cells. It is also sometimes called a cyto-dendrite. The axons connect with other nerve cells, and pass messages to the rest of the body. Electrical currents run through your body all day and night whether you know it or not.
The five senses are how we feel things, see things, hear things, taste things, and smell things. All the senses provide data that the brain uses in some way shape or form. The nervous system has a organ or a sensory system for each of the five senses. The sense of sight is from the eye, the eye is the organ of the sense of vision. The eye is a complex organ it has clear lenses that have the light focus on the retina another part of the eye. The organ that helps us smell is the nose. Different smells have different vapors they give off, and the smell receptors interact with the molecules. Then the sensation is transmitted to the brain. The ear is the organ for hearing. The ear is shaped with the curves so that the sounds go directly to your tympanic membrane, to be transmitted to the inner ear. The receptor for taste is your taste buds, they are sensory nerves. They detect the four main categories of food sweet, salty, bitter and sour. Generally the taste buds that detect sweet tastes are in the front of your tongue, and the taste buds that detect bitter are in the back. Supposedly on the sides you are tasting sour and salty flavors. At the base of each taste bud there is a nerve that sends the sensation or grossness to the brain. Touch is also a sensory system touch can be felt and wherever whenever. The nerves also help out here they distribute the sensation to the brain. Like if you were getting a massage your nerves wherever you were being touched would tell the brain “I like it I want more.” Touch is probably the most necessary senses out of the five senses, any movement requires touch. Plus unlike most sense like hearing and sight touch does not ever fail at old age.
So there you have it the Nervous system bundles of nerves, senses and of course the main part of the Nervous system the brain. If we had no nerves we wouldn’t feel anything or be able to tell our brain what to do either. Then without the brain well forget about it, we wouldn’t be able to do anything without it controlling us and our movements.
Conclusion to the Human Body Research Paper:
The human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to ensure being our well-being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular allows us to move, breath and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and carbon dioxide. Finally, the digestive system converts food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and hope that you learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
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