Did you know that our bodies create about a gallon of mucus in just two days! I do. In fact, I know a lot of other interesting information about the human body, and YOU WILL TOO if you read my paper! Within this document, you will find six different body system essays including the muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems, which all work together to operate our body. All of these systems have different components, each with their own unique functions that help to keep us alive. However, each system cannot operate alone - they need each other to be successful. For example, the nutrients gathered by the digestive system get distributed throughout the body in the circulatory system! Over the previous 12 weeks, we gathered information, organized our thoughts, and paraphrased what trusted websites taught us about each system. We worked with responsibility partners and our papers definitely benefited from the collaboration. Just like each human body system needs to rely on the other systems, we relied on each other to improve our writing and our process. The following is the result of our hard work.
Skeletal System
Our skeletal system is made up 206 bones. These bones work together to provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so we can walk around, and protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our circulatory system!
Skeletal System
Our skeletal system is made up 206 bones. These bones work together to provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so we can walk around, and protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our circulatory system!
Without our bones, we would be nothing more than a pile of skin, organs, and muscles on the floor. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe!
Our bones are made up of many layers. These layers are important because we need our bones to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside layer of bone is made up of solid, compact bone that makes our bones strong and dense. The next layer of bone is called cancellous (a.k.a. spongy bone). This layer allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally, our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called peritoneum which is where our muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight!
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn’t be able to move without joints! Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our bodies, but we’ll just focus on four of them. The first type of joint is called a hinge joint. Just like the hinges on a door, they allow movement back and forth. We have hinge joints at our elbows and knees, and we even have them in our knuckles! Another type of joint is called a ball and socket joint. This is where one bone has a ball at the end of it and the other bone has a “baseball mitt” for the ball to sit in. Our shoulders and hips are examples of ball and socket joints. The third type of joint that we studied was called a gliding joint. Gliding joints are places where two or more bones meet and slide past each other. Our wrists and ankles are two examples of gliding joints. The last type of joint is called the pivot joint. A pivot joint works when one bone acts like a ring and the other bone sits inside the ring and rotates. Our neck is an example of a pivot joint because it can rotate around and move up and down. At each joint a soft, squishy material can be found between bones which keeps them from rubbing each other which would be painful. This material is called cartilage. Cartilage, which is bendable, can also be found in our ears and nose. But all of this wouldn’t be possible if it weren’t for ligaments holding all of our bones together at each joint. Ligaments are long, stretchy tissue that connect bone to other bone and stabilize joints. Without these ligaments in place, bones wouldn’t stay attached to each other and wouldn’t allow joints to move. It’s interesting to note that people who are double-jointed actually just have extremely stretchy ligaments! Joints definitely make movement possible and without them, we’d have a hard time getting around our world!
Bones definitely are important parts of the human body. They allow us to move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells! Because bones are designed so well, they are strong, yet lightweight. Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move throughout our world. Finally, the muscles in our body attach to bones, giving us the power to actually move around!
Muscular System Paper:
The muscular system helps the human body move around and have fun. Let’s say you want to move your arms around, eat a sandwich, or run, you use muscles! There are many different types of muscles, and they all serve different purposes (e.g. movement, pumping blood, dilating your pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us, while others are controlled automatically by the muscle cell or the brain.
There are two types of categories of muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body’s movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down, they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to move the bones that they were supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscles, there are two different types of involuntary muscle!
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles do things automatically without us knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscles. They are cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically, by themselves. Cardiac muscles are muscles that are found only in our heart, and are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about them, and they contract and relax throughout our entire lives. Smooth muscles are found inside many of our organs (e.g. intestines, esophagus, stomach, and bladder), and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your eyes and your blood vessels. Smooth muscle cells may look like one big cell, but are actually a bunch of smaller, smooth cells all grouped together (unlike the striated, skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles in our body that do things we had no idea about. Including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular system is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half of our body weight and give our body tone and shape. In the next essay, learn how some of these muscles move blood throughout our body in order to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
As you probably know, you can’t live without blood. All of the blood in our body is pumped through our body with veins and arteries. Blood is essential for good health because the body depends on a good supply of oxygen to reach its billions of cells. Blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs. Blood keeps us healthy, or fights infections, etc. There are different types of cells of blood, there are white and red blood cells, and platelets. White blood cells help germ fighting and keeping things going inside of our body. They are like little warriors floating around in your blood waiting to attack invaders. Without white blood cells, our infections would last forever. You have several types of white blood cells and each has its own special role in fighting off the different kinds of germs that make people sick. White blood cells are important but there is another blood cell called a red blood cells. Red blood cells are the blood cells that carry all the oxygen. These cells, which float in your blood, begin their journey in the lungs, where they pick up oxygen from the air you breathe. Then they travel to the heart, which pumps out the blood, delivering oxygen to all parts of your body. Even though blood helps heal cuts, we need platelets to help as well. Your blood contains many tiny cells called platelets. They help your blood clot, which means that if you get a cut, some of your platelets stick together and create a wall so blood won’t come out. Eventually, the clot dries out to form a scab to protect the healing skin underneath. Plasma is the clear, straw-colored liquid portion of blood that remains after red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Without these, we would not be able to feel anything in our body, heal any wounds, etc.
Blood vessels is what moves all the blood around. Like a system of roads, the circulatory system has its highways, back roads, and alleyways, which we call arteries, veins, and capillaries. Without blood vessels we could have no blood anywhere in our body and we would just have pins and needles throughout our whole circulatory system and human body. If you've ever seen a road map, you probably saw many roads going here, there, and everywhere. Your body has a highway system all its own that sends blood to and from your body parts. It's called the circulatory system and the roads are called arteries and veins. Arteries, which usually look red, carry blood away from the heart. Veins, which usually look blue, return blood to the heart. Capillaries are the smallest of the body's blood vessels. Capillaries have walls so thin that oxygen can pass through them and enter the cells, and waste products such as carbon dioxide can pass back into the blood to be carried away and taken out of the body.
As you can see, blood vessels are very important, but, if we didn’t have a heart to pump it, that would be even harder. Your heart is really a muscle. It's located a little to the left of the middle of your chest, and it's about the size of your fist. The heart has four chambers. The lower chambers of the heart are called the ventricles. There are two ventricles: a left ventricle and a right ventricle. The upper chambers are the atria and there are two of them — a left atrium and a right atrium. (Atrium is an old word that meant the main room in an ancient Roman house, so the atria are "rooms" in your heart!). The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart, located on the left posterior side. Its primary roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs and to act as a pump to transport blood to other areas of the heart. The chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta. The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. The heart is comprised of two atria and two ventricles. Blood enters the heart through the two atria and exits through the two ventricles. The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. The right ventricle is one of the heart's four chambers. It is located in the lower right portion of the heart below the right atrium and opposite the left ventricle. The circulatory system is a huge part of our body, it pumps blood, and carries the blood and does a lot. But, the respiratory system has a huge part in the human body as well.
Respiratory system:
The respiratory system is the group of tissues and organs in your body that allow our lungs to breathe.. This system includes your airways, your lungs and muscles attached to them that work together so you can breathe. The respiratory system's function is to supply oxygen and air to all the parts of your body. It accomplishes this through breathing: inhaling oxygen-rich air and exhaling air filled with carbon dioxide, which is a waste gas. The respiratory system is made up of airways and the lungs and the muscles.
One of the big parts of you breathing is coming from the work of your Respiratory system. There is a series of tubes that the air passes through into your lungs. The steps it takes for the air to get there is air enters the body through either the open mouth or the nose. It travels down the trachea, then to the lungs where the oxygen in it passes into the bloodstream. The nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils. The epiglottis is a flexible flap at the superior end of the larynx in the throat. The epiglottis also protects the body from choking on food that would normally obstruct the airway. Without the epiglottis, we would be choking on food all the time. The larynx is a tough, flexible segment of the respiratory tract connecting the pharynx to the trachea in the neck. The larynx keeps food and drink from blocking your airway. The larynx is also the body’s “voice box”, and the voice box lets you talk and sing. The vocal cords vibrate during speech to produce voice. If a vocal cord can’t move, then the person will have voice problems and possibly breathing and swallowing problems. Humans talk with the larynx, or voice box. The voice box is the uppermost part of the air-only pipe. This short tube contains a pair of vocal cords, which vibrate to make sounds. Inside it are the two vocal cords, which are the topmost parts of the vocal folds. The trachea is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx (or voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs. The trachea begins at the inferior end of the larynx in the base of the neck. Air moving through the lungs is important, and the system is very cool. Next, you will learn how air moves through the lungs.
When you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contracts and moves downward. This increases the space in your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand. They contract to pull your rib cage both upward and outward when you inhale. As your lungs expand, air is sucked in through your nose or mouth. The air travels down your windpipe and into your lungs. After passing through your bronchial tubes, the air finally reaches and enters the alveoli. The main part of breathing in, is the lungs. The human lungs are a pair of large, spongy organs optimized for gas exchange between our blood and the air. Our bodies require oxygen in order to survive. The lungs provide us with that vital oxygen while also removing carbon dioxide before it can reach hazardous levels. If the inner surface of the lungs could be stretched out flat, they would occupy an area of around 80 to 100 square meters, that’s about the size of half of a tennis court! The bronchial tubes (which are in the lungs) let air in and out of your lungs, so you can breathe. The bronchial tubes are sometimes referred to as bronchi or airways. Each major bronchus then divides into smaller airway passages referred to as bronchi. As the airway passages make their way out to the lung tissue, the passages become smaller and are referred to as bronchioles. Eventually the bronchioles terminate into small collections of air sacs known as alveoli, which is where the actual exchange of gases. The diaphragm is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main muscle of respiration and plays a vital role in the breathing process. The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in the process of inspiration, or inhalation. It is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that is inserted into the lower ribs. Lying at the base of the thorax (chest), it separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. It is a thin, skeletal muscle that can contract voluntarily. Located beneath it are the abdominal muscles. Serving as the inferior aspect of the thorax, it is the means by which the chest cavity volume is increased. As you can see, the respiratory system is what makes us breathe and talk.. It includes organs, tissues, and of course the lungs.
Digestive system:
So there you are, sitting at lunch, enjoying meal. When you're finished, you take a last drink of milk, clean up,, and head to your next class. But wait, have you ever wondered how all of that stuff processes through your body. This process is best known as the digestive system. The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the human body. Food passes through intestines and your stomach and the esophagus.
Also known as the oral cavity, the mouth is the hollow cavity that allows food and air to enter the body. The mouth contains many other organs - such as the teeth, tongue, and the mouth caries saliva - that work as a team to aid in the ingestion and digestion of food. The mouth also plays a major role in the production of talking through the movements of the tongue, lips and cheeks. You bite into an apple and then try to start talking.. Suddenly something feels funny — one of your baby teeth has fallen out! It's been loose forever, and now there it is, right in your hand. And you have an empty space in your mouth big enough to poke a drinking straw through. Saliva is a clear liquid that's made in your mouth 24 hours a day, every day. It's made up mostly of water, with a few other chemicals. The slippery stuff is produced by the salivary glands. These glands are found on the inside of each cheek, on the bottom of the mouth, and under the jaw at the very front of the mouth. They secrete, or ooze, about 2 to 4 pints (or about 1 to 2 liters) of spit into your mouth every day! The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth. The tongue is covered with moist, pink tissue called mucus. Tiny bumps called papillae give the tongue its rough texture. Thousands of taste buds cover the the papillae. Taste buds are collections of nerve-like cells that connect to nerves running into the brain. In digestion, a bolus (from Latin bolus, "ball") is a mass of food that (with animals that can chew) has been chewed at the point of swallowing. Under normal circumstances, the bolus then travels down the esophagus to the stomach for digestion. You feel the Bolus when your food is in a ball and ready to swallow.
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucus. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. At one point through the digestive system, the food goes through the peristalsis. The peristalsis action is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed.
The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. Glands in the stomach lining. The glands in the stomach lining produce stomach acid and an enzyme that digests protein. The pancreas produces a juice containing several enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food.
The small intestine is a long, highly convoluted tube in the digestive system that absorbs about 90% of the nutrients from the food we eat. It is given the name “small intestine” because it is only 1 inch in diameter, making it less than half the diameter of the large intestine. The small intestine is, however, about twice the length of the large intestine and usually measures about 10 feet in length. Villi are specialized for reabsorption in the small intestine as they have a thin wall, about one cell thick, which enables a shorter diffusion path. They have a big surface area so there will be faster absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into the bloodstream. In order to get the nutritional benefit from the foods you eat, the food must first be broken down into its most basic nutrient elements. These tiny nutrients are then absorbed out of the digestive tract and into your bloodstream. Your small intestine is the section of your digestive tract where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place.. There are unique modifications within the wall of the small intestine that allow for maximum absorption. Villi are made for reabsorption in the small intestine as they have a thin wall, which enables a shorter diffusion path. They have a large surface area so there will be more efficient absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into the bloodstream. In order to get the nutritional benefit from the foods you eat, the food must first be broken down into its most basic nutrient elements. These tiny nutrients are then absorbed out of the digestive tract and into your bloodstream. Your small intestine is the section of your digestive tract where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place. In this lesson, you will learn about the unique modifications within the wall of the small intestine that allow for maximum absorption.
The pancreas is a long flattened gland located deep in the belly (abdomen). Because the pancreas isn't seen or felt in our day to day lives, most people don't know as much about the pancreas as they do about other parts of their bodies. The pancreas is, however, a vital part of the digestive system and a critical controller of blood sugar levels. You've probably heard of enzymes, and you probably already know they are important for your digestion. But you may not be aware of just how necessary enzymes are to every cell in your body—not just for digestion but for ALL your physiological processes. Enzymes are composed of amino acids and are secreted by your body to help catalyze functions that would normally not occur at physiological temperatures. They literally make magic happen and are absolutely vital to your life.
Located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, the liver and gallbladder are interconnected by ducts known as the biliary tract, which drains into the first segment of the small intestine (the duodenum). Although the liver and gallbladder participate in some of the same functions, they are very different though. Bile is a yellow-green fluid that is made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and passes through the common bile duct into the duodenum where it helps digest fat. The principal components of bile are cholesterol, bile salts, and the pigment bilirubin.
The large intestine is the final section of the tracts that performs the vital task of absorbing water and vitamins while converting digested food into feces. Although shorter than the small intestine in length, the large intestine is considerably thicker in diameter, thus giving it its name. The large intestine is about 5 feet in length and 2.5 inches in diameter in the living body, but becomes much larger postmortem as the smooth muscle tissue of the intestinal wall relaxes. The small intestine must absorb massive quantities of water. A normal person or animal of similar size takes in roughly 1 to 2 liters of liquid every day. On top of that, another 6 to 7 liters of fluid is received by the small intestine daily as secretions from salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver and the small intestine itself.
The anus is formed partly from the surface layers of the body, including the skin, and partly from the intestine. The rectal lining consists of glistening red tissue containing mucus glands—much like the rest of the intestinal lining. The lining of the rectum is relatively insensitive to pain, but the nerves from the anus and nearby external skin are very sensitive to pain.
As you can see, The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. It is what digests all of our food and lets us eat.
Nervous System:
The nervous system controls most things you do, walking, thinking, and feeling, It also controls all of your reactions. The brain is the control center of the nervous system. The brain reacts or flinches and decides what we will do if something happens. The way you react is for example if you stub your toe, your nerves in your toe will send a message up the spinal cord to the brain telling the foot to flinch or move away. The nervous system has control over all of our body and what it does. When you blink you don’t think about it, you just do it, same with breathing, (of course now that I say that you will now think about it).
The brain is what controls what we think, what we do, and almost everything else, It’s where all of your creative ideas come out. Our reactions come from the brain by a message from wherever it happened and the brain will tell it to flinch. The brain is like a giant computer control center where all of our actions take place. Obviously, the brain is made up of many parts. The cerebrum is the most superior and anterior of the brain's major regions. It is the seat of reason, planning, memory, and sensory integration. Different parts of the cerebrum deal with different parts of the body. Just below the cerebrum is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is a rounded structure which is connected by the medulla (brainstem). It is also important for using motor behaviors. Just located next to the cerebellum is the medulla, otherwise known as the brain stem. The brain stem is one of the most basic regions of the brain but one of the most important parts for survival. It connects the brain stem and the spinal cord. The brainstem controls many important reflexes. The brain is important, but you need nerves to send them signals so the brain can do what it needs to do.
The nerves make us react to things, they send signals right up our spinal cord and to are brain. Without nerves, we would not how to breathe, blink, or cough, or sneeze. Also, if we didn’t have nerves we would react to nothing. For example, if you touch a hot stove, the nerves send a signal to the brain and the brain will tell the hand to take it off the stove. There are many different kinds of nerves. The first kind of nerve is a sensory nerve. Sensory nerves carry signals to the brain of what is going on in the outside world. These nerves The nerves come from all of the five senses (touch, hear, smell, sight, and taste). The second type of nerve is a motor nerves. Motor nerves tell the muscles to move and contract. All of the involuntary muscles are controlled by motor nerves. The heart beating, your eyes blinking and your lungs breathing is all controlled by motor nerves. What would nerves be without a pathway to take the nerves everywhere. The spinal cord, the highway for the nerves, the brain attaches to it. The spinal cord plays a huge roll in our nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord work together to get the nerves where they need to be and what they are doing. A lot of people get mixed up with nerves and neurons, but in fact they are two different things. They’re the thin threads of nerve cells, they run throughout your body. Bundled together, they carry messages back and forth just the way that telephone wires do. Sensory nerves send messages to the brain and generally connect to the brain through the spinal cord inside your backbone. Motor nerves carry messages back from the brain to all the muscles and glands in your body. Also in the nervous system is the synapes, synapes block neurons and nerves from getting out there path and stay in there own pathway. Neurons could not be active without dendrites though. Dendrites still get messages from the brain as well. Neurons definitely travel faster with Axons. They are insulated with something called myelin, that raps around axons, just like tape covering a leak in the whole.
The five senses are what activate or nerves (every sense is pretty self explanatory), The sense of smell, which of course makes us smell. The sense of taste which makes us taste. The sense of touch which makes us feel things. The sense of hearing enables us to listen to things. Lastly, the sense of sight that makes us see things.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to ensure our well-being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and carbon dioxide. Finally, the digestive system converts food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and hope that you learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
Our bones are made up of many layers. These layers are important because we need our bones to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside layer of bone is made up of solid, compact bone that makes our bones strong and dense. The next layer of bone is called cancellous (a.k.a. spongy bone). This layer allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally, our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called peritoneum which is where our muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight!
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn’t be able to move without joints! Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our bodies, but we’ll just focus on four of them. The first type of joint is called a hinge joint. Just like the hinges on a door, they allow movement back and forth. We have hinge joints at our elbows and knees, and we even have them in our knuckles! Another type of joint is called a ball and socket joint. This is where one bone has a ball at the end of it and the other bone has a “baseball mitt” for the ball to sit in. Our shoulders and hips are examples of ball and socket joints. The third type of joint that we studied was called a gliding joint. Gliding joints are places where two or more bones meet and slide past each other. Our wrists and ankles are two examples of gliding joints. The last type of joint is called the pivot joint. A pivot joint works when one bone acts like a ring and the other bone sits inside the ring and rotates. Our neck is an example of a pivot joint because it can rotate around and move up and down. At each joint a soft, squishy material can be found between bones which keeps them from rubbing each other which would be painful. This material is called cartilage. Cartilage, which is bendable, can also be found in our ears and nose. But all of this wouldn’t be possible if it weren’t for ligaments holding all of our bones together at each joint. Ligaments are long, stretchy tissue that connect bone to other bone and stabilize joints. Without these ligaments in place, bones wouldn’t stay attached to each other and wouldn’t allow joints to move. It’s interesting to note that people who are double-jointed actually just have extremely stretchy ligaments! Joints definitely make movement possible and without them, we’d have a hard time getting around our world!
Bones definitely are important parts of the human body. They allow us to move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells! Because bones are designed so well, they are strong, yet lightweight. Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move throughout our world. Finally, the muscles in our body attach to bones, giving us the power to actually move around!
Muscular System Paper:
The muscular system helps the human body move around and have fun. Let’s say you want to move your arms around, eat a sandwich, or run, you use muscles! There are many different types of muscles, and they all serve different purposes (e.g. movement, pumping blood, dilating your pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us, while others are controlled automatically by the muscle cell or the brain.
There are two types of categories of muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body’s movements and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, they contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down, they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to move the bones that they were supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscles, there are two different types of involuntary muscle!
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles do things automatically without us knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscles. They are cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically, by themselves. Cardiac muscles are muscles that are found only in our heart, and are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about them, and they contract and relax throughout our entire lives. Smooth muscles are found inside many of our organs (e.g. intestines, esophagus, stomach, and bladder), and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your eyes and your blood vessels. Smooth muscle cells may look like one big cell, but are actually a bunch of smaller, smooth cells all grouped together (unlike the striated, skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles in our body that do things we had no idea about. Including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular system is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half of our body weight and give our body tone and shape. In the next essay, learn how some of these muscles move blood throughout our body in order to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
As you probably know, you can’t live without blood. All of the blood in our body is pumped through our body with veins and arteries. Blood is essential for good health because the body depends on a good supply of oxygen to reach its billions of cells. Blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs. Blood keeps us healthy, or fights infections, etc. There are different types of cells of blood, there are white and red blood cells, and platelets. White blood cells help germ fighting and keeping things going inside of our body. They are like little warriors floating around in your blood waiting to attack invaders. Without white blood cells, our infections would last forever. You have several types of white blood cells and each has its own special role in fighting off the different kinds of germs that make people sick. White blood cells are important but there is another blood cell called a red blood cells. Red blood cells are the blood cells that carry all the oxygen. These cells, which float in your blood, begin their journey in the lungs, where they pick up oxygen from the air you breathe. Then they travel to the heart, which pumps out the blood, delivering oxygen to all parts of your body. Even though blood helps heal cuts, we need platelets to help as well. Your blood contains many tiny cells called platelets. They help your blood clot, which means that if you get a cut, some of your platelets stick together and create a wall so blood won’t come out. Eventually, the clot dries out to form a scab to protect the healing skin underneath. Plasma is the clear, straw-colored liquid portion of blood that remains after red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Without these, we would not be able to feel anything in our body, heal any wounds, etc.
Blood vessels is what moves all the blood around. Like a system of roads, the circulatory system has its highways, back roads, and alleyways, which we call arteries, veins, and capillaries. Without blood vessels we could have no blood anywhere in our body and we would just have pins and needles throughout our whole circulatory system and human body. If you've ever seen a road map, you probably saw many roads going here, there, and everywhere. Your body has a highway system all its own that sends blood to and from your body parts. It's called the circulatory system and the roads are called arteries and veins. Arteries, which usually look red, carry blood away from the heart. Veins, which usually look blue, return blood to the heart. Capillaries are the smallest of the body's blood vessels. Capillaries have walls so thin that oxygen can pass through them and enter the cells, and waste products such as carbon dioxide can pass back into the blood to be carried away and taken out of the body.
As you can see, blood vessels are very important, but, if we didn’t have a heart to pump it, that would be even harder. Your heart is really a muscle. It's located a little to the left of the middle of your chest, and it's about the size of your fist. The heart has four chambers. The lower chambers of the heart are called the ventricles. There are two ventricles: a left ventricle and a right ventricle. The upper chambers are the atria and there are two of them — a left atrium and a right atrium. (Atrium is an old word that meant the main room in an ancient Roman house, so the atria are "rooms" in your heart!). The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart, located on the left posterior side. Its primary roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs and to act as a pump to transport blood to other areas of the heart. The chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta. The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. The heart is comprised of two atria and two ventricles. Blood enters the heart through the two atria and exits through the two ventricles. The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. The right ventricle is one of the heart's four chambers. It is located in the lower right portion of the heart below the right atrium and opposite the left ventricle. The circulatory system is a huge part of our body, it pumps blood, and carries the blood and does a lot. But, the respiratory system has a huge part in the human body as well.
Respiratory system:
The respiratory system is the group of tissues and organs in your body that allow our lungs to breathe.. This system includes your airways, your lungs and muscles attached to them that work together so you can breathe. The respiratory system's function is to supply oxygen and air to all the parts of your body. It accomplishes this through breathing: inhaling oxygen-rich air and exhaling air filled with carbon dioxide, which is a waste gas. The respiratory system is made up of airways and the lungs and the muscles.
One of the big parts of you breathing is coming from the work of your Respiratory system. There is a series of tubes that the air passes through into your lungs. The steps it takes for the air to get there is air enters the body through either the open mouth or the nose. It travels down the trachea, then to the lungs where the oxygen in it passes into the bloodstream. The nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils. The epiglottis is a flexible flap at the superior end of the larynx in the throat. The epiglottis also protects the body from choking on food that would normally obstruct the airway. Without the epiglottis, we would be choking on food all the time. The larynx is a tough, flexible segment of the respiratory tract connecting the pharynx to the trachea in the neck. The larynx keeps food and drink from blocking your airway. The larynx is also the body’s “voice box”, and the voice box lets you talk and sing. The vocal cords vibrate during speech to produce voice. If a vocal cord can’t move, then the person will have voice problems and possibly breathing and swallowing problems. Humans talk with the larynx, or voice box. The voice box is the uppermost part of the air-only pipe. This short tube contains a pair of vocal cords, which vibrate to make sounds. Inside it are the two vocal cords, which are the topmost parts of the vocal folds. The trachea is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx (or voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs. The trachea begins at the inferior end of the larynx in the base of the neck. Air moving through the lungs is important, and the system is very cool. Next, you will learn how air moves through the lungs.
When you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contracts and moves downward. This increases the space in your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand. They contract to pull your rib cage both upward and outward when you inhale. As your lungs expand, air is sucked in through your nose or mouth. The air travels down your windpipe and into your lungs. After passing through your bronchial tubes, the air finally reaches and enters the alveoli. The main part of breathing in, is the lungs. The human lungs are a pair of large, spongy organs optimized for gas exchange between our blood and the air. Our bodies require oxygen in order to survive. The lungs provide us with that vital oxygen while also removing carbon dioxide before it can reach hazardous levels. If the inner surface of the lungs could be stretched out flat, they would occupy an area of around 80 to 100 square meters, that’s about the size of half of a tennis court! The bronchial tubes (which are in the lungs) let air in and out of your lungs, so you can breathe. The bronchial tubes are sometimes referred to as bronchi or airways. Each major bronchus then divides into smaller airway passages referred to as bronchi. As the airway passages make their way out to the lung tissue, the passages become smaller and are referred to as bronchioles. Eventually the bronchioles terminate into small collections of air sacs known as alveoli, which is where the actual exchange of gases. The diaphragm is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main muscle of respiration and plays a vital role in the breathing process. The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in the process of inspiration, or inhalation. It is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that is inserted into the lower ribs. Lying at the base of the thorax (chest), it separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. It is a thin, skeletal muscle that can contract voluntarily. Located beneath it are the abdominal muscles. Serving as the inferior aspect of the thorax, it is the means by which the chest cavity volume is increased. As you can see, the respiratory system is what makes us breathe and talk.. It includes organs, tissues, and of course the lungs.
Digestive system:
So there you are, sitting at lunch, enjoying meal. When you're finished, you take a last drink of milk, clean up,, and head to your next class. But wait, have you ever wondered how all of that stuff processes through your body. This process is best known as the digestive system. The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the human body. Food passes through intestines and your stomach and the esophagus.
Also known as the oral cavity, the mouth is the hollow cavity that allows food and air to enter the body. The mouth contains many other organs - such as the teeth, tongue, and the mouth caries saliva - that work as a team to aid in the ingestion and digestion of food. The mouth also plays a major role in the production of talking through the movements of the tongue, lips and cheeks. You bite into an apple and then try to start talking.. Suddenly something feels funny — one of your baby teeth has fallen out! It's been loose forever, and now there it is, right in your hand. And you have an empty space in your mouth big enough to poke a drinking straw through. Saliva is a clear liquid that's made in your mouth 24 hours a day, every day. It's made up mostly of water, with a few other chemicals. The slippery stuff is produced by the salivary glands. These glands are found on the inside of each cheek, on the bottom of the mouth, and under the jaw at the very front of the mouth. They secrete, or ooze, about 2 to 4 pints (or about 1 to 2 liters) of spit into your mouth every day! The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth. The tongue is covered with moist, pink tissue called mucus. Tiny bumps called papillae give the tongue its rough texture. Thousands of taste buds cover the the papillae. Taste buds are collections of nerve-like cells that connect to nerves running into the brain. In digestion, a bolus (from Latin bolus, "ball") is a mass of food that (with animals that can chew) has been chewed at the point of swallowing. Under normal circumstances, the bolus then travels down the esophagus to the stomach for digestion. You feel the Bolus when your food is in a ball and ready to swallow.
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucus. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. At one point through the digestive system, the food goes through the peristalsis. The peristalsis action is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed.
The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. Glands in the stomach lining. The glands in the stomach lining produce stomach acid and an enzyme that digests protein. The pancreas produces a juice containing several enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food.
The small intestine is a long, highly convoluted tube in the digestive system that absorbs about 90% of the nutrients from the food we eat. It is given the name “small intestine” because it is only 1 inch in diameter, making it less than half the diameter of the large intestine. The small intestine is, however, about twice the length of the large intestine and usually measures about 10 feet in length. Villi are specialized for reabsorption in the small intestine as they have a thin wall, about one cell thick, which enables a shorter diffusion path. They have a big surface area so there will be faster absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into the bloodstream. In order to get the nutritional benefit from the foods you eat, the food must first be broken down into its most basic nutrient elements. These tiny nutrients are then absorbed out of the digestive tract and into your bloodstream. Your small intestine is the section of your digestive tract where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place.. There are unique modifications within the wall of the small intestine that allow for maximum absorption. Villi are made for reabsorption in the small intestine as they have a thin wall, which enables a shorter diffusion path. They have a large surface area so there will be more efficient absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into the bloodstream. In order to get the nutritional benefit from the foods you eat, the food must first be broken down into its most basic nutrient elements. These tiny nutrients are then absorbed out of the digestive tract and into your bloodstream. Your small intestine is the section of your digestive tract where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place. In this lesson, you will learn about the unique modifications within the wall of the small intestine that allow for maximum absorption.
The pancreas is a long flattened gland located deep in the belly (abdomen). Because the pancreas isn't seen or felt in our day to day lives, most people don't know as much about the pancreas as they do about other parts of their bodies. The pancreas is, however, a vital part of the digestive system and a critical controller of blood sugar levels. You've probably heard of enzymes, and you probably already know they are important for your digestion. But you may not be aware of just how necessary enzymes are to every cell in your body—not just for digestion but for ALL your physiological processes. Enzymes are composed of amino acids and are secreted by your body to help catalyze functions that would normally not occur at physiological temperatures. They literally make magic happen and are absolutely vital to your life.
Located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, the liver and gallbladder are interconnected by ducts known as the biliary tract, which drains into the first segment of the small intestine (the duodenum). Although the liver and gallbladder participate in some of the same functions, they are very different though. Bile is a yellow-green fluid that is made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and passes through the common bile duct into the duodenum where it helps digest fat. The principal components of bile are cholesterol, bile salts, and the pigment bilirubin.
The large intestine is the final section of the tracts that performs the vital task of absorbing water and vitamins while converting digested food into feces. Although shorter than the small intestine in length, the large intestine is considerably thicker in diameter, thus giving it its name. The large intestine is about 5 feet in length and 2.5 inches in diameter in the living body, but becomes much larger postmortem as the smooth muscle tissue of the intestinal wall relaxes. The small intestine must absorb massive quantities of water. A normal person or animal of similar size takes in roughly 1 to 2 liters of liquid every day. On top of that, another 6 to 7 liters of fluid is received by the small intestine daily as secretions from salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver and the small intestine itself.
The anus is formed partly from the surface layers of the body, including the skin, and partly from the intestine. The rectal lining consists of glistening red tissue containing mucus glands—much like the rest of the intestinal lining. The lining of the rectum is relatively insensitive to pain, but the nerves from the anus and nearby external skin are very sensitive to pain.
As you can see, The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. It is what digests all of our food and lets us eat.
Nervous System:
The nervous system controls most things you do, walking, thinking, and feeling, It also controls all of your reactions. The brain is the control center of the nervous system. The brain reacts or flinches and decides what we will do if something happens. The way you react is for example if you stub your toe, your nerves in your toe will send a message up the spinal cord to the brain telling the foot to flinch or move away. The nervous system has control over all of our body and what it does. When you blink you don’t think about it, you just do it, same with breathing, (of course now that I say that you will now think about it).
The brain is what controls what we think, what we do, and almost everything else, It’s where all of your creative ideas come out. Our reactions come from the brain by a message from wherever it happened and the brain will tell it to flinch. The brain is like a giant computer control center where all of our actions take place. Obviously, the brain is made up of many parts. The cerebrum is the most superior and anterior of the brain's major regions. It is the seat of reason, planning, memory, and sensory integration. Different parts of the cerebrum deal with different parts of the body. Just below the cerebrum is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is a rounded structure which is connected by the medulla (brainstem). It is also important for using motor behaviors. Just located next to the cerebellum is the medulla, otherwise known as the brain stem. The brain stem is one of the most basic regions of the brain but one of the most important parts for survival. It connects the brain stem and the spinal cord. The brainstem controls many important reflexes. The brain is important, but you need nerves to send them signals so the brain can do what it needs to do.
The nerves make us react to things, they send signals right up our spinal cord and to are brain. Without nerves, we would not how to breathe, blink, or cough, or sneeze. Also, if we didn’t have nerves we would react to nothing. For example, if you touch a hot stove, the nerves send a signal to the brain and the brain will tell the hand to take it off the stove. There are many different kinds of nerves. The first kind of nerve is a sensory nerve. Sensory nerves carry signals to the brain of what is going on in the outside world. These nerves The nerves come from all of the five senses (touch, hear, smell, sight, and taste). The second type of nerve is a motor nerves. Motor nerves tell the muscles to move and contract. All of the involuntary muscles are controlled by motor nerves. The heart beating, your eyes blinking and your lungs breathing is all controlled by motor nerves. What would nerves be without a pathway to take the nerves everywhere. The spinal cord, the highway for the nerves, the brain attaches to it. The spinal cord plays a huge roll in our nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord work together to get the nerves where they need to be and what they are doing. A lot of people get mixed up with nerves and neurons, but in fact they are two different things. They’re the thin threads of nerve cells, they run throughout your body. Bundled together, they carry messages back and forth just the way that telephone wires do. Sensory nerves send messages to the brain and generally connect to the brain through the spinal cord inside your backbone. Motor nerves carry messages back from the brain to all the muscles and glands in your body. Also in the nervous system is the synapes, synapes block neurons and nerves from getting out there path and stay in there own pathway. Neurons could not be active without dendrites though. Dendrites still get messages from the brain as well. Neurons definitely travel faster with Axons. They are insulated with something called myelin, that raps around axons, just like tape covering a leak in the whole.
The five senses are what activate or nerves (every sense is pretty self explanatory), The sense of smell, which of course makes us smell. The sense of taste which makes us taste. The sense of touch which makes us feel things. The sense of hearing enables us to listen to things. Lastly, the sense of sight that makes us see things.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work hard to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together successfully to ensure our well-being. The skeletal system provides support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of our body while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and carbon dioxide. Finally, the digestive system converts food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate the time you took to read these essays and hope that you learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
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