Did you know that our bodies create about a gallon of mucus in just two days! I do. In fact, I know a lot of other interesting information about the human body, and YOU WILL TOO if you read my paper! Within this paper you will find 6 different system essays. These 6 essays focus on the following systems; muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems. These systems work together to make sure that our body always works properly and operates right so that we live a healthy life. All of these systems have different components, that are each different and unique, to keep us alive. However each system can’t work alone - they need each other to help us survive. For example, the nutrients gathered by the digestive system get distributed throughout the body in the circulatory system! Over the last 12 weeks, we gathered information from different websites, organized our thoughts, and paraphrased what trusted websites taught us about that system. We work with responsibility partners, which we wouldn’t be as successful without them because we definitely relied on the collaboration. Just like the systems rely on each other for help, we did too. The following is the result of our hard work...
Skeletal System:
Our skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. These bones work together to provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so we can walk around, and protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our for our circulatory system! Without our bones, we would be nothing more than a pile of skin, organs,and muscles on the floor. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe.
Our bones are made up of many layers. These layers are important because we need our bones to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside layer of bone is made up of solid, compact bone that makes our bones strong and dense. The next layer of bone is called the cancellous (a.k.a. spongy bone). This layer of bone allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of a bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally, our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called peritoneum which allows muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight!
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn’t be able to move without joints! Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our bodies, but...
Skeletal System:
Our skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. These bones work together to provide our body with support so that we can stand, help us to move so we can walk around, and protect our vital organs like our heart and our brain! Our bones even make and store blood cells for our for our circulatory system! Without our bones, we would be nothing more than a pile of skin, organs,and muscles on the floor. We wouldn’t be able to move and our organs wouldn’t be safe.
Our bones are made up of many layers. These layers are important because we need our bones to be strong, yet lightweight. In order to achieve this goal, the outside layer of bone is made up of solid, compact bone that makes our bones strong and dense. The next layer of bone is called the cancellous (a.k.a. spongy bone). This layer of bone allows our bones to be lightweight and transitions us from compact bone into bone marrow. Bone marrow is a thick and spongy section in the middle of a bone where red and white blood cells are formed. Finally, our bones are all covered in a thin membrane called peritoneum which allows muscles attach to bones. So that is how bones are structured in order to keep our bodies strong, yet lightweight!
Although bones are extremely important, we wouldn’t be able to move without joints! Joints are places where two or more bones meet. There are several types of joints in our bodies, but...
...we’ll just focus on four of them. The first type of joint is called a hinge joint. Just like the hinges on a door, they allow movement back and forth. We have hinge joints at our elbows and knees, and we even have them in our knuckles! Another type of joint is called a ball and socket joint. This is where one of our bone has a ball at the end of it and the other bone has a “baseball mitt” for the ball to sit in. Our shoulders and hips are examples of ball and socket joints. The third type of joint that we studied was called a gliding joint. Gliding joints are where two or more meet and slide past each other. Our wrists and ankles are two examples of gliding joints. The last type of joint is called the pivot joint. A pivot joint works when one bone acts like a ring and the other bone sits inside the ring and rotates. Our neck is an example of a pivot joint because it can rotate around and move up and down. At each joint a soft, squishy material can be found between bones which keeps them from rubbing each other which would be painful. This material is called cartilage. Cartilage, which is bendable, can also be found in our ears and nose. But all of this wouldn’t be possible if it weren’t for ligaments holding all of our bones together at each joint. Ligaments are long, stretchy tissue that connect bone to other bone and stabilize joints. Without these ligaments in place, bones wouldn’t stay attached to each other and wouldn’t allow joints to move. It’s interesting to note that people who are double-jointed actually just have extremely stretchy ligaments! Joints definitely make movement possible and without them, we’d have a hard time getting around world!
Bones definitely are important parts of the human body. They allow us to move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells! Because bones are designed so well, they are strong, yet lightweight.Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move throughout our world. Finally, the muscles in our body attach to bones, giving us the power to actually move around!
Muscular System:
The muscular system helps the human body move around and have fun. Let’s say you want to move your arms around, eat a sandwich, or run, you use muscles! There are many different types of muscles, and they all serve different purposes (e.g. movement, pumping blood, dilating your pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us, while others are controlled automatically by the muscle cell or the brain.
There are two types of categories of muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body’s movement and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, the contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down, they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to move the bones that they were supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscles, there are two different types of involuntary muscle!
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles do things automatically without us knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscles. They are cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically, by themselves. Cardiac muscles are muscles that are found only in our heart, and are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about them, and they contract and relax throughout our entire lives. Smooth muscles are found inside many of our organs (e.g. intestines, esophagus, stomach, and bladder), and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your eyes as well as your blood vessels. Smooth muscles cells may look like one big cell, but are actually a bunch of smaller, smooth cells all grouped together (unlike the the striated, skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles in our body that do things we had no idea about including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular system is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half of our body weight and give our body tone and shape. In the next essay, learn how some these muscles move blood throughout our body in order to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
The circulatory system is the system that delivers blood throughout the body. It is important because without it, different parts of your body wouldn’t get the nutrients it needs.
Blood is very important for good health because the body depends on it to deliver all the oxygen and nutrients we need to survive. Even the heart couldn’t survive without blood! Blood that is oxygen-poor goes to the lungs for more oxygen. Blood is so important because without it our heart wouldn’t even be pumping because the heart pumps blood throughout your body, without your heart beating and pumping blood, it wouldn’t need to beat. And we do need it to beat.
The heart needs blood to be flowing through the vessels that bring nourishment to its muscular walls. Blood carries carbon dioxide, and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys and digestive system. After that, they are removed from the body. Without blood, we couldn’t keep warm, cool off, fight infections, or even get rid of your own waste! Without enough blood we would weaken and die. The body needs a steady supply of fuel and oxygen to reach its billions of cells! There are two different types of blood cells. One of them is a white blood cell. White blood cells are part of the germ-fighting immune system. They are like warriors floating around your blood waiting for a viruses and bacteria. Then the white blood cells attack them. You have lots of different types of white blood cells with their own type of job in fighting of the types of germs that will make you sick. Our second type of blood cells is the red blood cells that carry oxygen. This is a very important job. What they do is they float up to your lungs and pick up oxygen for the air that you breathe. Without white blood cells you wouldn’t be able to keep all of your sickness away.
Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Red blood cells usually live for about 120 days. Have you ever wondered how you get scabs? Well that’s the job of platelets, which help your blood clot. This means that when you get a cut some of your platelets come and your platelets rush to make a wall to plug the hole in the blood vessel wall caused by the cut. Eventually the clot dries to form a scab. There are approximately 700 red blood cells per white blood cell. There is one thing left that floats through your blood, it is called plasma. Plasma is often forgotten component of blood. Plasma is the liquid part of blood that ensures that the blood cells can flow throughout the body. Plasma makes up over 55% of the total volume in the human body. The rest of the blood is made up of red and white blood cells combined. White and red blood cells and platelets are important but plasma is an essential part of the human body too. These 3 cells that float around your body wouldn’t be able to get around and deliver the nutrients our body needs without blood vessels!
Blood vessels are like a system of roads, the circulatory system has its own highways, back roads, and alleyways. These would be called your arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are kind of like a large vein, although it does a different job. Each time your heart beats, blood is forced into large arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other tissues. Arteries are the first to carry blood away from the heart. Arteries have thick, elastic walls to withstand the high blood pressure. Arteries expand when the pressure of the blood pressure rises when the heart relaxes during heart beats. While arteries take blood away from the heart, veins bring blood to the heart. Like arteries, veins have 3 layers, although the layers are thinner and they contain less tissue. The job of a vein is to bring blood to the heart, and the veins receive blood from the capillaries. The blood in the veins are red but the light makes the blood appear to be blue! The reason you can see through to your veins is because the walls are very thin and so you can see the rich color through your skin. Next we have our capillary that is an extremely small blood vessel. A capillary is in the tissues of the body, they transport blood from arteries to veins. There are lots of capillaries in tissues and organs that are similarly active. E.g. muscle tissues and the kidneys have a larger amount of capillary networks than connective tissues have. Blood vessels, arteries, and capillaries all transport blood to your heart.
Your heart is a muscle that is located a little to the left from the center of your chest and is about the size of your fist. There are many muscles all around your body but the heart muscle is especially special because of what it does. The heart pumps blood throughout your body. The heart provides you with the oxygen and nutrients you need to live. Your heart is like 2 pumps in 1. The heart has 4 chambers; 2 atria and 2 ventricle. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood and pumps it to the to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood , from the lungs, and pumps the blood over to the left ventricle which pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body. First is the left atrium, one job of the left atrium is to act like a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs. Another job the left atrium has is to act like a pump to transfer blood to transport blood to different areas of the heart. The walls of the left atrium are slightly thicker than the walls of the right atrium. Next we have the left ventricle which stores the blood that is oxygen-rich and has been through the left atrium. Now we have the right ventricle that blood passes through on its way to the lungs to get oxygen. And last, we have have the right atrium in our bodies. The job of the right atrium is to let blood pass through that is low on oxygen. Now we know how most of our blood gets around; by using our four chambers! Our four chambers are very important because without them our blood wouldn’t be stored properly and our blood wouldn’t be safe!
Now you know how important blood is, because without it then our heart wouldn’t even be pumping! Now you also know that blood is kept in 4 different chambers for 4 different reasons. Each of these reasons is important too! You also need blood because without a decent blood flow your heart, and body, will stop. Now next time you think of how gross blood is to be oozing out of a cut on your knee, think of how important it is as a necessity to your body!
Respiratory System:
Have you ever wondered how air enters your lungs? How it enters your body? Well there are specific ways for your body to do this. Think of a daily schedule; you have activities at specific times, and things that you have to do because you made changes to the schedule. Well that is kind of like how your respiratory system works, after you do something like breathe in, your body has to react to how your oxygen is going to get into your blood and lungs.
The respiratory system’s main job is to supply oxygen to all parts of the body. This system is made up of different air ways like your nose, mouth, voice box, windpipe, bronchial tubes, the lungs, the muscles and blood vessels connected to them. There is a specific way for air to enter the body. The way that this works is that air enters through your nostrils or your mouth. Then what happens is that your diaphragm moves down, this increases the volume inside your lungs. This makes a low air pressure inside your lungs and the air from the outside rushes in. Air enters through your nostrils and mouth, but it is also a main way for the air to leave your body. Your nose also warms, moistens, and filters the air before it goes to the lungs. Your nasal passage (related to the nose) is coated with mucus and tiny hair-like cells. This mucus and the tiny hair-like cells trap dirt, bacteria, dust and other particles. Then it is carried back, swallowed, and dropped into gastric juices so that any probable harm they might do is taken away. The organs of smell are made up of patches of tissue called olfactory membranes. These membranes are about the size of a postage stamp and help the body smell. They are located under a pair of clefts under the bridge of the nose. When you swallow this mucus you are using your epiglottis. The epiglottis is the part of your body that flops down over the windpipe when you swallow to keep your food from getting into the lungs. Without this you would cough or choke every time you eat. Next is the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx, which is an organ in the neck, plays an important role in speech and breathing. The opening for air through the larynx is known as the glottis, also known as the epiglottis as we just talked about. The larynx also plays a crucial role in closing off the epiglottis during swallowing. The vocal cords are also very important when regulating the flow of air from the lungs during speech and breathing. Vocal cords aren’t actually cords if you were wondering. The size of the space between the cords is important for speech and breathing. They stay open during inhalation, closed when you are holding your breath, and held apart just a little for speech and singing. Next we have the larynx that is also located in the neck. The larynx is also called the voice box. The larynx produces sound. It is a 2-inch long tube that is located between the pharynx and the trachea. The trachea has its upper half is connected to the larynx. The trachea is a tube-like structure that carries air in and out of your lungs. Its lower end splits to become the right and left primary bronchi. Now that we know how air enters the body, now we should know what it does inside your body and how it gets to the lungs!
Air has a specific way of moving in the lungs. When you inhale your diaphragm tightens and moves downward. This increases the space in your chest cavity which makes your lungs expand. Next we have the lungs that has the primary function of transporting oxygen from the air you breathe into your bloodstream while taking away carbon dioxide. Then this is released from the air you breathe out. You have two lungs; the left and right lung. They aren’t exactly even the same. The lung on the left side of your body is divided into 2 lobes while the other is divided into 3. You can actually live without 1 lung! Although it limits your physical ability. Now we have the bronchial tube. When a person breathes air comes in through the nose or the mouth, and then goes to the trachea. From their it passes through the bronchial tubes, which are the lungs. These tubes let air in and out of your lungs so you can breathe. Next we have the Bronchus, bronchi. The bronchi are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs. Bronchi have cartilage as their supporting wall structure. The bronchus are also shorter, wider, and more vertical than its counterpart. We now have the bronchioles which are the smallest air-conducting passages in the lungs. They are less than 1 mm in diameter! They connect the larger air-ways to to the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. Alveoli are at the end of the smallest branches of the bronchi. Alveoli are tiny air sacs that allow oxygen to red blood cells as they are passing by. There are hundreds of millions of them in our lungs! That's a lot of alveoli! Now we have the process of exchange of gases. Exchange of gases takes place in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the tiny air sacs that are called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. When a person inhales, oxygen moves to the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries and into the bloodstream. At the same time, carbon dioxide moves from the bloodstream, to the capillaries, and into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs when a person exhales.
The respiratory is an important system, without this system your oxygen that you breathe in wouldn’t be any good without it going to the lungs and giving your blood the oxygen it needs for your body to survive! In the next essay learn how your body takes away the nutrients from your food and what happens with the waste!
Digestive System:
The digestive system is the system that gets rid of your waste after your body has taken all the water and vitamins away from your food. Your food passes through your body in a very specific way, and also it exits your body in a specific way too. Your body has a way of taking all of the nutrients, vitamins, and water away from your food that you swallowed, then whatever is leftover becomes waste that leaves your body through your anus.
The mouth is where digestion starts as you open your mouth to eat food. Chewing your food into pieces makes your food easier to digest, while saliva mixes with the food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form that your body can absorb and use. But you wouldn’t be able to break down your food into this form to be digested without your teeth and mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion is when you break down your food into smaller pieces so that it can easily be digested. The best example for this is the term for chewing. The teeth chop up the food into smaller pieces in which they pass through the digestive system. Next we have the saliva and chemical digestion. This type of digestion refers to the breakdown of food in the mouth, stomach, and intestines through the use of acids and enzymes. Saliva breaks down the food. Next we have the tongue which has many different muscles running in different directions so that it can move in all different directions. The tongue rolls your food into a ball so that you can digest and swallow your food easier. Now we have the bolus which is just food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva. Once the bolus reaches the stomach, mixes with gastric juices, and becomes smaller in size, the food mass is then known as chyme. You wouldn’t even be able to swallow without the esophagus!
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe, heart and behind the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. With the help of your peristalsis your food doesn’t just drop down into your stomach. Your peristalsis contracts in a wave-like motion to move the food along in your digestive tract. Retro-peristalsis is kind of the opposite of peristalsis, it actually going the other direction. An example of this movement is vomiting. But have you ever wondered where all the food goes after you swallow it? Well that is the job of your stomach.
The stomach is the first place your food starts to get broken down into molecules your body can use, which is the process of digestion. Next we have the digestive juices which are the secretions of the digestive tract that breaks food down. These juices include saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juice. These juices each play different roles in the digestive process. Now is chyme, chyme is a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. Chyme is made up of partially digested food, water, hydro-chloric acid, and different digestive enzymes. But without going through this whole process you wouldn’t even get to the point of eating food; to get the nutrients and vitamins out of your food. This is what your small intestine does.
Your small intestine absorbs about 90% of the nutrients from the food we eat. The reason that it is called the small intestine is because it is only one inch in diameter. Although it is actually longer than the large intestine in length. In the inner wall of the small intestine is covered with millions of microscopic finger-like projections called villi. The villi are the vehicles through which nutrients can be absorbed into the body. The nutrients get absorbed by the villi. Once the food is broken down into small enough nutrients, the particles are small enough to be absorbed by the villi. This absorption occurs either with energy or without energy. Sometimes you can call this that villi are “eating” the nutrient. When there is more of the nutrients in the bloodstream than in the intestine, your body requires energy to move the nutrient. But this process wouldn’t be able to happen without the pancreas!
The pancreas is part of the body’s digestive system. The pancreas produces juices called enzymes. These enzymes help the body digest food. The pancreas also produces different types of hormones. Hormones are like chemical messengers. Next we have the pancreatic enzymes. They help break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Pancreatic juices actually contain pancreatic enzymes to do the help of digestion. But pancreatic enzymes aren’t the only things that break down fatty foods, the gallbladder does too.
The gallbladder is like a small sac right under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine for your food to be more easily digested. The gallbladder particularly breaks down fatty foods. Bile is a yellow-green liquid that is made and released in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps with digestion and breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract. The main elements of bile are cholesterol, bile salts, and the pigment bilirubin. These are all chemicals that also help the bile. Have you ever wondered how your body takes all the vitamins and water out of your food? Well that's the job of your large intestine!
The large intestine absorbs all the vitamins and water out of your food. This is one of the most important parts of the digestive tract. The large intestine is about 5 feet in length and about 2.5 inches in diameter. Your large intestine also absorbs water into the bloodstream too. It reabsorbs the water from the undigested food material and processes the waste material. The human large intestine is actually much shorter in length, but the large intestine is much bigger in diameter than the small intestine. Have you also ever wondered where your waste comes out of? Well that is the anus.
The anus is the last stop for the digestive tract. Your solid waste comes out of your anus. When you get rid of your waste you go to the toilet, and get rid of your waste by pushing it out through your rectrum and through your anus. Then all you need to do is flush it away!
Your digestive system is an important system because it takes away the important things from your food and leaves the waste and some excess water behind to leave the body. It is important because without it your food would just stay in your body without being digested and you would get bigger and bigger until you pop!
Nervous System:
Have you ever wondered how your body knows when to swat that bug away from your arm? How to know what your food tastes like? Well your nervous system takes care of all of that. It is so important that without it you wouldn’t even know that you stubbed your toe! The nervous system is a very important system!
Your brain is the most complex thing in your body. It is faster than the fastest computer and helps you get out of the way if danger is coming at you. Just like the spinal cord your brain is covered by bone and meninges, which is a tissue that is below the skull. Also your brain is able to receive information and store it! But the cerebrum is the base of reason for planning, memory, and sensory mixture. The cerebrum is a large, folded mass of nervous tissue that makes up most of the human brain. Next is the cerebellum that is the region in your brain that plays an important role in motor control. But the cerebellum actually plays several roles. It stores learned courses of movements and it does thin tuning of the order of movements that are somewhere else in the brain. It combines all of these movements so that they are so small that you can’t even feel them! Cerebellum is actually latin for little brain. Next is the medulla that is an important part of your brain that controls breathing and heart function. These functions are involuntary, also known as done without thought. It is a part of the brain stem that transfers neural messages from your brain to your spinal cord. You would not be able to live without your medulla. Your brain is the most powerful thing in your whole body, it is also the most important part of the human body. But your brain wouldn’t get these messages without nerves.
Nerves are little bundles of axons in the peripheral system that act as little message highways that carry these messages to your spinal cord and to your brain and all around your body. These axons are covered in a connective tissue case around the endoneurium, which is a type of delicate tissue. There are 3 types of nerves, I will tell you about 2 of them. The first type of nerve is the sensory nerve that sends messages from the eyes, ears, mouth, nose, skin, and other body parts to the brain and spinal cord. Technically the sensory nerves tell the brain about what is going in on in the “outside world”, or in different parts of the body. Next are motor nerves that allow our brain to control our muscles. The brain then sends signals to our motor nerves to move, or contract, our muscles when we need to move. This means that anytime someone wants to move, a motor nerve is involved. Next is the spinal cord that is a bundle of nerves that connects the brain to different parts of your body. It is protected by doughnut-shaped bones called vertebrae, which surround the spinal cord. The human spinal cord is about 43-45 cm long and is about as wide as the width of a human finger. The next step is neurons. Each nerve is made up of many of these neurons. These cells are specialized to carry messages to different places of the body. The human brain has about 100 billion neurons. These neurons also come in many shapes and sizes. Some of the smallest neurons are only about 4 microns wide. Next is a synapse, synapses contain a small gap that separates neurons. Now is dendrites, dendrites carry signals from other neurons to the soma. A dendrite from one neuron and an axon from another neuron meet at a synapse, which was the narrow gap between these two cells, as I said before. And last is axons that sends this signal the opposite direction. It sends the signal from to soma to the next neuron or to another muscle fiber. Axons are, in effect, the primary transmission lines of the nervous system, and as bundles they help make up different nerves. In the next paragraph you will learn about senses, you know, that feeling that you are always noticing.
Can you imagine a world without senses? Senses work together to give our brain a clear picture about what is going on around us. If you lose one sense, your other senses will make up for it by becoming stronger. There are 5 senses that we will talk about. The first one is touch. Touch is very important because without it you couldn’t feel that itchy bug that is about to bite you on your arm. While your other 4 senses are found in specific parts of your body, touch is found everywhere. This is because your sense of touch originated from the bottom layer of your skin called the dermis. The dermis has many tiny nerve endings that which give you information about what you are feeling in different parts of your body. The next sense is taste, taste is very handy when your mouth is watering for that moist chocolate cupcake in the fridge that you are dying to eat. Without the sense of taste you wouldn’t be able to taste the chocolatey goodness of this cupcake. There are 6 types of receptors in your tongue that work to detect different types of tastes in your food (e.g. sweet, sour, salty, bitter, savory, and fat). These receptors then attach to different chemicals that are in our food and then send a message about the chemical to our brain which then results in you tasting that delicious food that you just ate. Next is hearing. You know that noise that is always in your ears when someone is talking? Well without this sense you wouldn’t even be able to hear what others were saying! Hearing is sometimes called the most important sense because it allows us to communicate with others using sound waves. Sound waves are collected by the external ear and funneled to the eardrum to make it vibrate. Next is smell which is very important when you are curious to know if your mom is baking chocolate chip cookies. Your ability to smell comes from specialized sensory cells, called olfactory sensory neurons, which are found in a small patch of tissue high up in the nose. The last sense is sight, which is also another important sense. The sense of sight is actually used the most though! Just like our touch sense our eyes are very sensitive, meaning not to look up when the sun is shining brightly. We use the sense of sight so we don’t walk into anything. All of our senses are each very important because they each serve their own important role. Without any of our senses we would either live a hard life or, possibly, die!
The nervous system is important because without it you wouldn’t be able to feel that itchy fly on your arm, taste that yummy homemade pie, or even see your reflection in the mirror! Your nervous system is also important because it helps give information about one side of your body to the other side of your body and to the brain!
Conclusion to the Human Body Research Paper:
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work their tail off to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together to ensure our well-being. The skeletal systems provides our bodies support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and carbon dioxide. And finally the digestive system transfers food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate all the time you took to read these 6 essays, and I hope you learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
Bones definitely are important parts of the human body. They allow us to move, help provide us structure and support, protect our important organs, and even make blood cells! Because bones are designed so well, they are strong, yet lightweight.Thanks to joints, ligaments, and cartilage, we are able to bend and move throughout our world. Finally, the muscles in our body attach to bones, giving us the power to actually move around!
Muscular System:
The muscular system helps the human body move around and have fun. Let’s say you want to move your arms around, eat a sandwich, or run, you use muscles! There are many different types of muscles, and they all serve different purposes (e.g. movement, pumping blood, dilating your pupils). Some of these purposes are controlled by us, while others are controlled automatically by the muscle cell or the brain.
There are two types of categories of muscles in the human body: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are muscles that we have control over. They are the muscles that control our body’s movement and are attached to bones. Skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscle in our body. They pull on bones to cause us to move. Skeletal muscles never push, they only pull, and that’s why they are nearly always found in pairs. One example of this is the biceps and triceps that are located in our upper arms. When the biceps want to pull the lower arm up, the contract or shrink, while the triceps relax or expand. When the triceps want to pull the arm down, they contract while the biceps relax. This is an example of a pair of muscles working together to make movement. But those muscles wouldn’t be able to do any of this without tendons connecting them to the bones that they move! Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that blend into bones and enable them to move the bones that they were supposed to move. Although skeletal muscles are the only type of voluntary muscles, there are two different types of involuntary muscle!
Unlike voluntary muscles, involuntary muscles do things automatically without us knowing it. There are two examples of involuntary muscles. They are cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are similar because they work automatically, by themselves. Cardiac muscles are muscles that are found only in our heart, and are responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. They work without us thinking about them, and they contract and relax throughout our entire lives. Smooth muscles are found inside many of our organs (e.g. intestines, esophagus, stomach, and bladder), and help move food through our body. Smooth muscles can also be found in your eyes as well as your blood vessels. Smooth muscles cells may look like one big cell, but are actually a bunch of smaller, smooth cells all grouped together (unlike the the striated, skeletal cells). So clearly, there are many types of involuntary muscles in our body that do things we had no idea about including important tasks like pumping blood and digesting food!
The muscular system is a powerful system that allows us to move, convert food into energy, and circulate blood throughout our body. Our muscles make up over half of our body weight and give our body tone and shape. In the next essay, learn how some these muscles move blood throughout our body in order to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Circulatory System:
The circulatory system is the system that delivers blood throughout the body. It is important because without it, different parts of your body wouldn’t get the nutrients it needs.
Blood is very important for good health because the body depends on it to deliver all the oxygen and nutrients we need to survive. Even the heart couldn’t survive without blood! Blood that is oxygen-poor goes to the lungs for more oxygen. Blood is so important because without it our heart wouldn’t even be pumping because the heart pumps blood throughout your body, without your heart beating and pumping blood, it wouldn’t need to beat. And we do need it to beat.
The heart needs blood to be flowing through the vessels that bring nourishment to its muscular walls. Blood carries carbon dioxide, and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys and digestive system. After that, they are removed from the body. Without blood, we couldn’t keep warm, cool off, fight infections, or even get rid of your own waste! Without enough blood we would weaken and die. The body needs a steady supply of fuel and oxygen to reach its billions of cells! There are two different types of blood cells. One of them is a white blood cell. White blood cells are part of the germ-fighting immune system. They are like warriors floating around your blood waiting for a viruses and bacteria. Then the white blood cells attack them. You have lots of different types of white blood cells with their own type of job in fighting of the types of germs that will make you sick. Our second type of blood cells is the red blood cells that carry oxygen. This is a very important job. What they do is they float up to your lungs and pick up oxygen for the air that you breathe. Without white blood cells you wouldn’t be able to keep all of your sickness away.
Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Red blood cells usually live for about 120 days. Have you ever wondered how you get scabs? Well that’s the job of platelets, which help your blood clot. This means that when you get a cut some of your platelets come and your platelets rush to make a wall to plug the hole in the blood vessel wall caused by the cut. Eventually the clot dries to form a scab. There are approximately 700 red blood cells per white blood cell. There is one thing left that floats through your blood, it is called plasma. Plasma is often forgotten component of blood. Plasma is the liquid part of blood that ensures that the blood cells can flow throughout the body. Plasma makes up over 55% of the total volume in the human body. The rest of the blood is made up of red and white blood cells combined. White and red blood cells and platelets are important but plasma is an essential part of the human body too. These 3 cells that float around your body wouldn’t be able to get around and deliver the nutrients our body needs without blood vessels!
Blood vessels are like a system of roads, the circulatory system has its own highways, back roads, and alleyways. These would be called your arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are kind of like a large vein, although it does a different job. Each time your heart beats, blood is forced into large arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other tissues. Arteries are the first to carry blood away from the heart. Arteries have thick, elastic walls to withstand the high blood pressure. Arteries expand when the pressure of the blood pressure rises when the heart relaxes during heart beats. While arteries take blood away from the heart, veins bring blood to the heart. Like arteries, veins have 3 layers, although the layers are thinner and they contain less tissue. The job of a vein is to bring blood to the heart, and the veins receive blood from the capillaries. The blood in the veins are red but the light makes the blood appear to be blue! The reason you can see through to your veins is because the walls are very thin and so you can see the rich color through your skin. Next we have our capillary that is an extremely small blood vessel. A capillary is in the tissues of the body, they transport blood from arteries to veins. There are lots of capillaries in tissues and organs that are similarly active. E.g. muscle tissues and the kidneys have a larger amount of capillary networks than connective tissues have. Blood vessels, arteries, and capillaries all transport blood to your heart.
Your heart is a muscle that is located a little to the left from the center of your chest and is about the size of your fist. There are many muscles all around your body but the heart muscle is especially special because of what it does. The heart pumps blood throughout your body. The heart provides you with the oxygen and nutrients you need to live. Your heart is like 2 pumps in 1. The heart has 4 chambers; 2 atria and 2 ventricle. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood and pumps it to the to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood , from the lungs, and pumps the blood over to the left ventricle which pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body. First is the left atrium, one job of the left atrium is to act like a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs. Another job the left atrium has is to act like a pump to transfer blood to transport blood to different areas of the heart. The walls of the left atrium are slightly thicker than the walls of the right atrium. Next we have the left ventricle which stores the blood that is oxygen-rich and has been through the left atrium. Now we have the right ventricle that blood passes through on its way to the lungs to get oxygen. And last, we have have the right atrium in our bodies. The job of the right atrium is to let blood pass through that is low on oxygen. Now we know how most of our blood gets around; by using our four chambers! Our four chambers are very important because without them our blood wouldn’t be stored properly and our blood wouldn’t be safe!
Now you know how important blood is, because without it then our heart wouldn’t even be pumping! Now you also know that blood is kept in 4 different chambers for 4 different reasons. Each of these reasons is important too! You also need blood because without a decent blood flow your heart, and body, will stop. Now next time you think of how gross blood is to be oozing out of a cut on your knee, think of how important it is as a necessity to your body!
Respiratory System:
Have you ever wondered how air enters your lungs? How it enters your body? Well there are specific ways for your body to do this. Think of a daily schedule; you have activities at specific times, and things that you have to do because you made changes to the schedule. Well that is kind of like how your respiratory system works, after you do something like breathe in, your body has to react to how your oxygen is going to get into your blood and lungs.
The respiratory system’s main job is to supply oxygen to all parts of the body. This system is made up of different air ways like your nose, mouth, voice box, windpipe, bronchial tubes, the lungs, the muscles and blood vessels connected to them. There is a specific way for air to enter the body. The way that this works is that air enters through your nostrils or your mouth. Then what happens is that your diaphragm moves down, this increases the volume inside your lungs. This makes a low air pressure inside your lungs and the air from the outside rushes in. Air enters through your nostrils and mouth, but it is also a main way for the air to leave your body. Your nose also warms, moistens, and filters the air before it goes to the lungs. Your nasal passage (related to the nose) is coated with mucus and tiny hair-like cells. This mucus and the tiny hair-like cells trap dirt, bacteria, dust and other particles. Then it is carried back, swallowed, and dropped into gastric juices so that any probable harm they might do is taken away. The organs of smell are made up of patches of tissue called olfactory membranes. These membranes are about the size of a postage stamp and help the body smell. They are located under a pair of clefts under the bridge of the nose. When you swallow this mucus you are using your epiglottis. The epiglottis is the part of your body that flops down over the windpipe when you swallow to keep your food from getting into the lungs. Without this you would cough or choke every time you eat. Next is the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx, which is an organ in the neck, plays an important role in speech and breathing. The opening for air through the larynx is known as the glottis, also known as the epiglottis as we just talked about. The larynx also plays a crucial role in closing off the epiglottis during swallowing. The vocal cords are also very important when regulating the flow of air from the lungs during speech and breathing. Vocal cords aren’t actually cords if you were wondering. The size of the space between the cords is important for speech and breathing. They stay open during inhalation, closed when you are holding your breath, and held apart just a little for speech and singing. Next we have the larynx that is also located in the neck. The larynx is also called the voice box. The larynx produces sound. It is a 2-inch long tube that is located between the pharynx and the trachea. The trachea has its upper half is connected to the larynx. The trachea is a tube-like structure that carries air in and out of your lungs. Its lower end splits to become the right and left primary bronchi. Now that we know how air enters the body, now we should know what it does inside your body and how it gets to the lungs!
Air has a specific way of moving in the lungs. When you inhale your diaphragm tightens and moves downward. This increases the space in your chest cavity which makes your lungs expand. Next we have the lungs that has the primary function of transporting oxygen from the air you breathe into your bloodstream while taking away carbon dioxide. Then this is released from the air you breathe out. You have two lungs; the left and right lung. They aren’t exactly even the same. The lung on the left side of your body is divided into 2 lobes while the other is divided into 3. You can actually live without 1 lung! Although it limits your physical ability. Now we have the bronchial tube. When a person breathes air comes in through the nose or the mouth, and then goes to the trachea. From their it passes through the bronchial tubes, which are the lungs. These tubes let air in and out of your lungs so you can breathe. Next we have the Bronchus, bronchi. The bronchi are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs. Bronchi have cartilage as their supporting wall structure. The bronchus are also shorter, wider, and more vertical than its counterpart. We now have the bronchioles which are the smallest air-conducting passages in the lungs. They are less than 1 mm in diameter! They connect the larger air-ways to to the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. Alveoli are at the end of the smallest branches of the bronchi. Alveoli are tiny air sacs that allow oxygen to red blood cells as they are passing by. There are hundreds of millions of them in our lungs! That's a lot of alveoli! Now we have the process of exchange of gases. Exchange of gases takes place in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the tiny air sacs that are called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. When a person inhales, oxygen moves to the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries and into the bloodstream. At the same time, carbon dioxide moves from the bloodstream, to the capillaries, and into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs when a person exhales.
The respiratory is an important system, without this system your oxygen that you breathe in wouldn’t be any good without it going to the lungs and giving your blood the oxygen it needs for your body to survive! In the next essay learn how your body takes away the nutrients from your food and what happens with the waste!
Digestive System:
The digestive system is the system that gets rid of your waste after your body has taken all the water and vitamins away from your food. Your food passes through your body in a very specific way, and also it exits your body in a specific way too. Your body has a way of taking all of the nutrients, vitamins, and water away from your food that you swallowed, then whatever is leftover becomes waste that leaves your body through your anus.
The mouth is where digestion starts as you open your mouth to eat food. Chewing your food into pieces makes your food easier to digest, while saliva mixes with the food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form that your body can absorb and use. But you wouldn’t be able to break down your food into this form to be digested without your teeth and mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion is when you break down your food into smaller pieces so that it can easily be digested. The best example for this is the term for chewing. The teeth chop up the food into smaller pieces in which they pass through the digestive system. Next we have the saliva and chemical digestion. This type of digestion refers to the breakdown of food in the mouth, stomach, and intestines through the use of acids and enzymes. Saliva breaks down the food. Next we have the tongue which has many different muscles running in different directions so that it can move in all different directions. The tongue rolls your food into a ball so that you can digest and swallow your food easier. Now we have the bolus which is just food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva. Once the bolus reaches the stomach, mixes with gastric juices, and becomes smaller in size, the food mass is then known as chyme. You wouldn’t even be able to swallow without the esophagus!
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe, heart and behind the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. With the help of your peristalsis your food doesn’t just drop down into your stomach. Your peristalsis contracts in a wave-like motion to move the food along in your digestive tract. Retro-peristalsis is kind of the opposite of peristalsis, it actually going the other direction. An example of this movement is vomiting. But have you ever wondered where all the food goes after you swallow it? Well that is the job of your stomach.
The stomach is the first place your food starts to get broken down into molecules your body can use, which is the process of digestion. Next we have the digestive juices which are the secretions of the digestive tract that breaks food down. These juices include saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juice. These juices each play different roles in the digestive process. Now is chyme, chyme is a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. Chyme is made up of partially digested food, water, hydro-chloric acid, and different digestive enzymes. But without going through this whole process you wouldn’t even get to the point of eating food; to get the nutrients and vitamins out of your food. This is what your small intestine does.
Your small intestine absorbs about 90% of the nutrients from the food we eat. The reason that it is called the small intestine is because it is only one inch in diameter. Although it is actually longer than the large intestine in length. In the inner wall of the small intestine is covered with millions of microscopic finger-like projections called villi. The villi are the vehicles through which nutrients can be absorbed into the body. The nutrients get absorbed by the villi. Once the food is broken down into small enough nutrients, the particles are small enough to be absorbed by the villi. This absorption occurs either with energy or without energy. Sometimes you can call this that villi are “eating” the nutrient. When there is more of the nutrients in the bloodstream than in the intestine, your body requires energy to move the nutrient. But this process wouldn’t be able to happen without the pancreas!
The pancreas is part of the body’s digestive system. The pancreas produces juices called enzymes. These enzymes help the body digest food. The pancreas also produces different types of hormones. Hormones are like chemical messengers. Next we have the pancreatic enzymes. They help break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Pancreatic juices actually contain pancreatic enzymes to do the help of digestion. But pancreatic enzymes aren’t the only things that break down fatty foods, the gallbladder does too.
The gallbladder is like a small sac right under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine for your food to be more easily digested. The gallbladder particularly breaks down fatty foods. Bile is a yellow-green liquid that is made and released in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps with digestion and breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract. The main elements of bile are cholesterol, bile salts, and the pigment bilirubin. These are all chemicals that also help the bile. Have you ever wondered how your body takes all the vitamins and water out of your food? Well that's the job of your large intestine!
The large intestine absorbs all the vitamins and water out of your food. This is one of the most important parts of the digestive tract. The large intestine is about 5 feet in length and about 2.5 inches in diameter. Your large intestine also absorbs water into the bloodstream too. It reabsorbs the water from the undigested food material and processes the waste material. The human large intestine is actually much shorter in length, but the large intestine is much bigger in diameter than the small intestine. Have you also ever wondered where your waste comes out of? Well that is the anus.
The anus is the last stop for the digestive tract. Your solid waste comes out of your anus. When you get rid of your waste you go to the toilet, and get rid of your waste by pushing it out through your rectrum and through your anus. Then all you need to do is flush it away!
Your digestive system is an important system because it takes away the important things from your food and leaves the waste and some excess water behind to leave the body. It is important because without it your food would just stay in your body without being digested and you would get bigger and bigger until you pop!
Nervous System:
Have you ever wondered how your body knows when to swat that bug away from your arm? How to know what your food tastes like? Well your nervous system takes care of all of that. It is so important that without it you wouldn’t even know that you stubbed your toe! The nervous system is a very important system!
Your brain is the most complex thing in your body. It is faster than the fastest computer and helps you get out of the way if danger is coming at you. Just like the spinal cord your brain is covered by bone and meninges, which is a tissue that is below the skull. Also your brain is able to receive information and store it! But the cerebrum is the base of reason for planning, memory, and sensory mixture. The cerebrum is a large, folded mass of nervous tissue that makes up most of the human brain. Next is the cerebellum that is the region in your brain that plays an important role in motor control. But the cerebellum actually plays several roles. It stores learned courses of movements and it does thin tuning of the order of movements that are somewhere else in the brain. It combines all of these movements so that they are so small that you can’t even feel them! Cerebellum is actually latin for little brain. Next is the medulla that is an important part of your brain that controls breathing and heart function. These functions are involuntary, also known as done without thought. It is a part of the brain stem that transfers neural messages from your brain to your spinal cord. You would not be able to live without your medulla. Your brain is the most powerful thing in your whole body, it is also the most important part of the human body. But your brain wouldn’t get these messages without nerves.
Nerves are little bundles of axons in the peripheral system that act as little message highways that carry these messages to your spinal cord and to your brain and all around your body. These axons are covered in a connective tissue case around the endoneurium, which is a type of delicate tissue. There are 3 types of nerves, I will tell you about 2 of them. The first type of nerve is the sensory nerve that sends messages from the eyes, ears, mouth, nose, skin, and other body parts to the brain and spinal cord. Technically the sensory nerves tell the brain about what is going in on in the “outside world”, or in different parts of the body. Next are motor nerves that allow our brain to control our muscles. The brain then sends signals to our motor nerves to move, or contract, our muscles when we need to move. This means that anytime someone wants to move, a motor nerve is involved. Next is the spinal cord that is a bundle of nerves that connects the brain to different parts of your body. It is protected by doughnut-shaped bones called vertebrae, which surround the spinal cord. The human spinal cord is about 43-45 cm long and is about as wide as the width of a human finger. The next step is neurons. Each nerve is made up of many of these neurons. These cells are specialized to carry messages to different places of the body. The human brain has about 100 billion neurons. These neurons also come in many shapes and sizes. Some of the smallest neurons are only about 4 microns wide. Next is a synapse, synapses contain a small gap that separates neurons. Now is dendrites, dendrites carry signals from other neurons to the soma. A dendrite from one neuron and an axon from another neuron meet at a synapse, which was the narrow gap between these two cells, as I said before. And last is axons that sends this signal the opposite direction. It sends the signal from to soma to the next neuron or to another muscle fiber. Axons are, in effect, the primary transmission lines of the nervous system, and as bundles they help make up different nerves. In the next paragraph you will learn about senses, you know, that feeling that you are always noticing.
Can you imagine a world without senses? Senses work together to give our brain a clear picture about what is going on around us. If you lose one sense, your other senses will make up for it by becoming stronger. There are 5 senses that we will talk about. The first one is touch. Touch is very important because without it you couldn’t feel that itchy bug that is about to bite you on your arm. While your other 4 senses are found in specific parts of your body, touch is found everywhere. This is because your sense of touch originated from the bottom layer of your skin called the dermis. The dermis has many tiny nerve endings that which give you information about what you are feeling in different parts of your body. The next sense is taste, taste is very handy when your mouth is watering for that moist chocolate cupcake in the fridge that you are dying to eat. Without the sense of taste you wouldn’t be able to taste the chocolatey goodness of this cupcake. There are 6 types of receptors in your tongue that work to detect different types of tastes in your food (e.g. sweet, sour, salty, bitter, savory, and fat). These receptors then attach to different chemicals that are in our food and then send a message about the chemical to our brain which then results in you tasting that delicious food that you just ate. Next is hearing. You know that noise that is always in your ears when someone is talking? Well without this sense you wouldn’t even be able to hear what others were saying! Hearing is sometimes called the most important sense because it allows us to communicate with others using sound waves. Sound waves are collected by the external ear and funneled to the eardrum to make it vibrate. Next is smell which is very important when you are curious to know if your mom is baking chocolate chip cookies. Your ability to smell comes from specialized sensory cells, called olfactory sensory neurons, which are found in a small patch of tissue high up in the nose. The last sense is sight, which is also another important sense. The sense of sight is actually used the most though! Just like our touch sense our eyes are very sensitive, meaning not to look up when the sun is shining brightly. We use the sense of sight so we don’t walk into anything. All of our senses are each very important because they each serve their own important role. Without any of our senses we would either live a hard life or, possibly, die!
The nervous system is important because without it you wouldn’t be able to feel that itchy fly on your arm, taste that yummy homemade pie, or even see your reflection in the mirror! Your nervous system is also important because it helps give information about one side of your body to the other side of your body and to the brain!
Conclusion to the Human Body Research Paper:
In conclusion, the human body has many systems that each work their tail off to do specific jobs to benefit our bodies, but they also work together to ensure our well-being. The skeletal systems provides our bodies support, protection and structure while the muscular system allows us to move, breathe, and digest food. The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients while getting rid of waste products and the respiratory system swaps out the oxygen and carbon dioxide. And finally the digestive system transfers food into energy while the nervous system uses that energy to make decisions and maintain memories. I appreciate all the time you took to read these 6 essays, and I hope you learned something valuable. So the next time you move a muscle or take in a breath, I hope you’ll think about how impressive our human body really is!
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