1. What writing skills did you improve while working on your Human Body Research Paper? Explain. 2. What are some concepts that you learned about the human body during this unit that you think are important (not just interesting)? 3. What was the most challenging part of writing your Human Body Research Paper? Why? 4. What aspect of the Human Body Research Paper are you most proud of? Why? | 1. I improved on transitioning between subjects. I improved on it because in the paper we had lots of transitions between different the parts in the different systems. I also learned a lot about concluding things, because we had to write a small conclusion at the end of each system. 2. I think that involuntary muscles are really important, I think so because they do the work during peristalsis so we don't have to think about digesting. 3. I think it was challenging to switch my notecards from various websites into my own words and writing. I found it challenging because sometimes the websites had worded it very nicely in a way that I understood and I wanted to keep it that way, but I had to make it into my own words. 4. I am the most proud of all the systems that I wrote about. I am the most proud of it because it was very challenging to write and I am proud of the outcome. |
The human body has six main systems and is a complex machine that is constantly working to keep us alive. Although each system has its own unique jobs to do, they synergize to keep us healthy and active.
The skeletal system is responsible for giving us support, structure, and protection and works together with the muscular system to move our body. Our muscles pull our bones, which allows us to move, jump, and run! The muscular system actually plays an important role in delivering oxygen to our body’s cells. Without the heart, one of our most important muscles, blood wouldn’t be able to travel around our body! Luckily for us, the blood travels through our lungs, where it drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen that our cells are craving. Speaking of craving, did you ever know that the main purpose of our digestive system isn’t just to digest food? It’s job is actually to take nutrients and water out of what we eat and drink and then deliver it to the circulatory system where it gets delivered to the cells in our body. But none of these systems would work without the direction of our nervous system!
Now let’s get right into it with the skeletal system, where you’ll learn how our bones help us move and protect our organs.
The skeletal system has several important jobs to do in our body. It is responsible for creating blood cells, providing our body with support and structure, and enabling us to move. We have several bones that are responsible for protecting our organs like the ribs protect our heart and lungs, and the skull protects our brain! Bones cannot move unless joined together at joints. Ligaments connect our bones together and cartilage prevents them from rubbing together which would be painful! We are so lucky to have strong, powerful, yet moveable bones in our body!
The bones in our body are made up of four distinct layers. Each of these layers has important responsibilities and are vital to our day-to-day life. The outer layer of bone is called compact bone. Compact bone is solid throughout and enables our body to be supported. Compact bone is so dense that surgeon’s need to use a saw to cut through it. The next layer of bone is called spongy bone and it is lightweight and porous, which prevents our bones from getting too heavy, but still be strong. It makes up about 20% of our skeleton, and it’s found mostly in long bones, joints, and in our spine. The center of many bones are filled with a gelatinous substance called bone marrow. Bone marrow is responsible for creating red blood cells and some of our white blood cells. Bone marrow also makes platelets for our circulatory system. In addition, bone marrow stores iron for when our body needs it. We have two different types of bone marrow: yellow and red. We are born with red marrow, but it slowly changes to yellow over time. Finally, the outermost part of bone is covered in periosteum, a thin, fibrous membrane that covers all bones. The membrane is responsible for helping to create new bones in children and does the same when adults sustain an injury. The periosteum is the site at which ligaments, tendons, and muscles attach to bone! It also contains the blood vessels that allow nutrients and oxygen to the get to the bones! Knowing the four layers of bones can help us to understand just how complex our human body really is!
We have different types of joints that are vital for us to move, and do things. Without joints we would be stiff and couldn’t do anything. We need joints to live.
We have cartilage. Cartilage is the tough but flexible tissue that covers the ends of your bones at a joint. It is a hard tissue but is softer and much more flexible than bone. It also gives shape and support to other parts of your body, such as your ears, nose and windpipe. Healthy cartilage helps you move by letting your bones to glide over each other. It also protects bones by stopping them from rubbing against each other. Ligaments are another thing we have that helps us. A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them strong. Ligament comes from the Latin ligare meaning "to bind, tie," which is exactly what a ligament does. Ligaments connect bones to bones. Ligaments allow for range of motion. Over time, ligaments gradually stretch. If you've ever met someone who is "double-jointed" that means their ligaments are extra elastic, which lets them stretch more than the average person.
We have gliding/sliding joints, which has two bone plates that glide against each other. They allow our bones to glide past one another in any direction, up and down, left and right, and diagonally. Our ankles and our wrists are gliding joints. Hinge joints, which are also called ginglymus joints, allows only backward and forward movement. They are named hinge joints because they are like hinges on a door. Two examples of the hinge joint are the elbow, and the knee. We have pivot joints for us to move. These joints allow for rotation around an axis. There is a pivot joint near the top of your spine that allows your head to move from side to side. We also have ball and socket joints. This is the most flexible type of joint. Your shoulder and your hip are both ball-and-socket joints.
As you can see the skeletal system has many important jobs to do. it allows us to stand straight up, move our body around, and protects our most important organs. However, the skeletal system can’t move our body by itself. It needs the help of our muscular system.
The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body. There are 700 named muscles that make up about half of a human’s body weight. Muscle tissue is found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. There are three types of this muscle tissue, cardiac, visceral, and skeletal.
The muscular system allows us to move. Our movement can be voluntary and controlled by skeletal muscles, or it can be involuntary and controlled by the smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are mainly found in internal organs, and help digestive organs. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, and are what allows us to move the way we want to.
The cardiac muscle is in the heart, and it is responsible for pumping blood through our body. The heart is the only place where the cardiac muscle is found. All of the other muscles in the human body of either skeletal muscles or smooth muscles. The most muscular part of the heart is it’s middle layer, which is called the myocardium.
Some involuntary muscles help digest food and our found in your intestines and in your stomach. Peristalsis is when your involuntary muscles create a wave, which pushes food through your esophagus and small intestine.
Voluntary muscles, which are commonly called skeletal muscles, are used to move bones, though some are used to create movements beneath the skin. Unlike cardiac muscles and smooth muscles voluntary muscles can be controlled by the conscious mind.
Skeletal muscles relax and contract when a person moves, they are the muscles we can see and feel through our skin. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bone. It is made of fibers that look like both dark and light bands bundled together.
For a muscle to contract, the brain sends a signal down a nerve telling the muscle to contract. The muscle can contract either a lot or a little, based on the signal the nerve sends down.
Skeletal muscle needs tendons to stay on the bone. The tendons work and move along with the skeletal muscle and bone when we move our body.
An example of skeletal muscles are the biceps and triceps. They are in the upper arm, and they work together to bend and straighten the elbow. When the biceps contract, the triceps are made longer, and then the elbow bends. When the triceps are contracted and the biceps are made longer the elbow is straightened. Since both muscles can’t stretch themselves the must have their the other muscle stretch them, which is why they are called partner muscles.
Involuntary muscles are muscles that are not controllable consciously, and the contract when unconscious impulses are sent by the nervous system. Both smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are involuntary muscles.
Cardiac muscles are the heart which is responsible for pumping blood. The heart is the only place where cardiac muscle is. It is distinguishable from the other two types of muscle, smooth muscle (that is responsible for the internal organs), and skeletal muscle (which moves the bones).
Smooth muscles are mainly found in the internal organs. They are in the blood vessels, stomach, and intestines. They are called ‘Smooth’ because they don’t have the microscopic lines the other two types of muscles have.
They are found in our digestive system. Smooth muscle is sometimes known as the involuntary muscles, and our found in hollow organs, and in the digestive system. They are stimulated by involuntary impulses and contractions. For example, they move food along the esophagus.
These are all muscles in the muscular system that are incredibly important to our everyday life. Without skeletal muscles we wouldn’t be able to move our bones, without the cardiac muscle we wouldn’t have any blood being pumped, without smooth muscles our digestive system wouldn’t work! We need all of our muscles in order to survive.
But, our muscles wouldn’t get any good blood if it weren’t for the circulatory system…
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen, and water all around the entire body! It then carries away waste such as carbon dioxide. It performs many functions that are vital to our everyday life. The circulatory system is divided into three main parts, The Heart, The Blood, and The Blood Vessels. The heart and blood are both amazing, the heart is about the size of a human fist! And blood has many different blood cells that do different jobs!
The blood is constantly flowing through our veins, and being pumped by our heart. The blood carries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste to and from your body cells. Blood travels thousands of miles of blood vessels right within the body! A young person has about one gallon of blood in their body, whereas an adult has five quarts in their body!
White blood cells are one of the types of blood cells in the human body, white blood cells help to fight off germs. Their job is to attack germs that enter the body. When you have an infection, your body will produce more of the white blood cells to fight off the infection. Sometimes, the doctor will give you antibiotics to help fight off germs.
There is also red blood cells in your body, they are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. They pick up oxygen in the lungs and transport it to cells throughout the body. They also carry carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it is then exhaled and is no more.
The other type of blood cells are called platelets, which bind together and cover up damaged blood vessels, so they can heal. For example, when you get a cut, the platelets bind together at the damaged area, causing a blood clot. That then stems the bleeding.
There is one more thing that makes up blood, and that is plasma. Plasma is the fluid in which the blood cells travel through. Plasma is the largest component of your blood, it makes up about 55% of it. Without any cells in it, plasma is straw colored.
The important blood travels through something just as important, the Blood Vessels!
Blood vessels are part of the circulatory system, and they are responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The vessels transport blood, nutrients, hormones, and more important substances through the entire body!
One of these vessels are the arteries, they carry blood high in oxygen away from the heart and to the farthest corners of the human body! Since there is so much oxygen in the blood of the arteries, it makes the blood in the arteries look bright red!
A vein is an elastic blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart. There is for types of veins, pulmonary, systemic, superficial, and deep veins. Veins are similar to the arteries, but because the veins transport the blood at a lower pressure than the arteries, the veins aren’t as strong as the arteries.
The last type of blood vessels are the capillaries, and they are the smallest type of blood vessel. They are the connection between the arterial and the venal systems, of the circulatory system. They also give out oxygenated blood to from arteries to tissues of the body. They then take the deoxygenated blood back to veins
But, the blood vessels wouldn’t have the blood pumped if it weren’t for the heart…
When the heart beats it pumps blood through the blood vessels. The heart is about the size of it’s owner’s clenched fist. It is in the middle of the chest, protected by the rib cage. The heart is an extraordinary muscle, that pumps the blood of our circulatory system.
The heart has four chambers, two atria, and two ventricles. Before a person is born, and the heart is developing, it goes through several stages. First it resembles a fish’s heart with only two chambers. Next it looks like a snake’s with three. And finally, it has the magnificent four chambered heart that this next paragraph is focused on!
One of the four chambers, the left atrium. The left atrium gets the oxygenated blood, and it pumps the blood to the left ventricle. The left ventricle receives the the oxygenated blood, and pumps it out to the body! The right atrium gets deoxygenated blood from the body, and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the process starts all over again!
These are all the amazing parts of our circulatory system that transports nutrients to help our body! The circulatory system has the blood, the blood vessels, and the heart! The blood carries nutrients, and an important cell to fight infections. The blood vessels carry the blood all over the body. The heart pumps the oxygenated blood throughout the human body!
But, the blood couldn’t be oxygenated without the respiratory system!
The respiratory system is made of organs that help you to breath. When you breath you deliver oxygen to the body, and take carbon dioxide away. There are three major parts of the respiratory system, the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration.
When you inhale, your diaphragm tightens and moves downward. This makes your lungs expand and take more air in. When you breathe out your diaphragm relaxes and moves upward in the chest cavity, causing the air to be squeezed out.
Breathing starts at the mouth and nose, when you inhale through one of them.
The air then goes through the nasal passage, which is a channel for airflow through the nose.
It then goes past the epiglottis, which is a flap of tissue that is at the base of the tongue and is like a switch between the larynx and the esophagus, to allow air to go into the airway, and food to go into the gastrointestinal tract.
Each time we breathe in, air goes through the larynx. The larynx is a tube shaped organ inside of the neck. The larynx contains the vocal chords. The vocal chords are muscles that vibrate to make the voice. The vocal chords for a ‘V’ inside of the voice box. When we talk, they tighten up and air from the lungs is forced through them, causing them to vibrate, which makes our voice! The larynx is also called the voice box, and if anything that’s not air enters it, we cough to clear our airways.
The air also travels through the trachea, or the windpipe. It is made of cartilage and is a tube-like part of the respiratory tract. The trachea eventually divides into two parts called the bronchi.
Air that we breathe enters our nose flows through the throat, and larynx, and goes into the trachea. The bronchi become smaller and are called the bronchioles, they then become the alveoli.
The lungs are a pair of large, spongy, organs. They flank the heart inside of the thoracic cavity.
The bronchial tubes branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. They are sometimes known the airways. The bronchi are two main branches of the trachea that go in the lungs. As the bronchial tubes branch out and become smaller they are called the bronchioles. The bronchioles then branch out into the alveoli. The alveoli are small balloon like structures, and the oxygen exchange of the lungs takes place between them and the capillaries.
The exchange between them is very important for the blood and muscles. The gas-blood barrier between the two are extremely thin, which allows them to exchange the carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood.
The respiratory system is very important to the human body, even the small alveoli are incredibly important to the human body. They help keep our muscles and blood healthy. There are lots of different tubes such as the bronchiole and the trachea to transport the oxygen to alveoli. The larynx and the vocal chords within are what allow us to communicate with others. Breathing is incredibly important overall, and the respiratory system is what allows us to do this.
The digestive system converts food into energy and nutrients to feed the entire body. The digestive system is mainly a long muscular tube, the digestive tract. It starts at the mouth, continues on through the stomach and intestines, and finally ends at the anus. The digestive system is really important to the human body.
The mouth is also known as the oral cavity. The mouth is a hollow cavity where the food enters the body. The mouth also contains the teeth, and the salivary glands, that work together to digest food. The teeth are found in the mouth, they are hard organs that we use to chew our food. They are part of mechanical digestion. Chemical digestion is a different type of digestion, it happens in the mouth when the food mixes with saliva, which has an enzyme in it that begins to break down the food. The tongue is anchored to the bottom of the mouth. The tongue is a muscular organ that is covered with mucosa. Once the food has been mechanically and partially chemically digested in the mouth, it turns into a bolus.
The esophagus is a tube that is between the trachea and the spine. It connects the throat to the stomach. Peristalsis are wave-like contractions made by the muscles. They move the bolus down the digestive tract. Reverse peristalsis is throwing up.
The stomach is on the upper left side of the abdomen. It is very muscular, and is the main storage tank of the body. The digestive juices break down food. The digestive juices include saliva, pancreatic juice, gastric juice, intestinal juice, and bile. Chyme is the digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.
The small intestine is a long tube. It’s job is to absorb the nutrients that we eat. It is called the small intestine because it is rather small in diameter, but is 20 feet long.
The villi are small finger-like projections that are in the small intestine to help absorb the food into our bodies. The villi’s main job is to absorb food into the bloodstream.
The pancreas is a heterocrine gland that is 6-inches long. It contains exocrine cells that produce strong enzymes that help to break down foods.
The gallbladder and the liver are connected by ducts called the biliary tract. Liver cells produce bile, which flow through the ducts, where the bile is then stored in the gallbladder. Bile is a fluid that is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, bile helps with digestion. It is a yellow green fluid.
The large intestine absorbs the water while turning the digested food into feces. The large intestine is given it’s name because it is larger in diameter than the small intestine.
The biggest function of the large intestine is to absorb the water from the digested food, and to expel the waste from the body. The anus is the end of the digestive tract where the feces are expelled from the body. The anus opens to allow the feces to be expelled from the body.
The digestive system is vital to our everyday life, getting the nutrients we need to live and survive. The digestive system helps us live, because we need the nutrients from our food. The digestive system takes the food’s nutrients and puts them into the bloodstream.
There is one more major system of the human body, the Nervous System.
The Nervous system is quite complex, it is made of the brain, the spinal cord, the and all the nerves that connect these organs to the rest of the body. They are responsible for the control of the body and the communication of it’s parts.
The brain is one of the most complex organs in the entire human body. It gives us awareness of our environment, and it processes a steady stream of data. It controls our movements, breathing, and our internal temperature. Every thought, feeling, and plan is created by our brain. Some of it’s functions still are not completely understood.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the forebrain, it is divided into four sections called lobes. The frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. The frontal lobe has to do with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving.
The parietal lobe is about movement, orientation, recognition, and perception of stimuli. The occipital lobe is associated with processing visual things. The temporal lobe has to do with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech.
The cerebellum (‘little brain’) is located at the back of the brain behind the brain stem. It is about 11% of the whole brain weight. It is similar to the cerebrum. It is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.
The medulla is a very important part of the brain. It’s work is involuntary or done without thought. It regulates blood pressure and breathing. It also helps transfer messages from the brain and spinal cord.
The nerves are a bundle of fibers. They use chemical and electrical signals to transmit information from one body part to the other.
The sensory nerves are vessels that carry signals toward the brain in response to stimuli. They transmit sensory information, (feeling, sight, sound etc.)
The motor nerves are nerves that carry impulses from the central nervous system, which makes muscles contract. All of the voluntary muscles are controlled by the motor nerves. This means that every time someone decides to move, their motor nerves are involved.
The spinal cord is a large part of the nervous system. It extend from the brain and goes down the back. It is like a highway for information that travels to and from the brain. It is a long and fragile tube-like structure.
A neuron is a nerve cell that like a ‘basic building block’ for the nervous system. Neurons are like other cells in the body, except that neurons transmit information through the body.
The function of a synapse is to transfer electric activity (info) from one cell to another cell. It can be transferred from nerve to nerve, or from nerve to muscle.
Dendrites are a very important part of nerve cells. They pick up information from other cells and transfer it to the soma, or cell body.
From the soma, the information is given to the axon and the axon then signals to the dendrites of nearby neurons, starting the process over. This only happens in a split second though, which makes information travel quickly.
The nervous system is very important, it contains the brain, which is the control center for the human body. It also has the nerves and the spinal cord, where information is sent to brain. The nervous system is a highway for information.
As you can see, the human body is a complicated, unique machine that does so many important things. Not only does it help you live, but it also helps you move, think, breathe, feel, and communicate! Can you possibly imagine what life would be like if we were missing even one of these important systems? If not, maybe a few of these valuable concepts will help you understand better:
- The bones in our body support and protect, while our muscles pull but never push!
- In addition, our blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to our cells, while the alveoli in our lungs exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.
- Finally, our digestive system is responsible for extracting important nutrients and water from what we eat and drink, but we’d never be able to do any of these things without our amazing nervous system!
Now you have read all about our human body and how it works 24/7 for us. I hope that you learned a lot and that you can apply some of this information to your everyday life.
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